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Значения английских модальных глаголов
При переводе предложений с модальными глаголами трудности возникают из-за многообразия их значений в различных функциях. Некоторые глаголы могут выполнять несколько функций:
1) вспомогательный глагол:
· для образования времен – will, shall, would, have, be;
· для образования форм сослагательного наклонения – should, would;
2) модальный глагол – can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, should, shall, will, would, have to, be to, dare;
3) эмоционально-усилительная функция – should.
4.1. CAN
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Ability
|
| · general ability
| “Now, you pray, Harold, ” she said. “I can’t ”, said Krebs.
| · capability
| We can discuss your paper after lunch.
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| Theoretical Possibility
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| · general possibility
| Anybody who wants to can become a prison visitor.
| · possibility due to circumstances
| Can we use the indefinite article with this noun?
| · occasional possibility
| The Strait of Dover can be very rough.
| · disbelief
| She can hardly be expected to perform any serious function
| · uncertainty / doubt
| Can he be making investigation all alone?
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| Improbability
| She can’t have been waiting for us so long.
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| Permission
|
| · asking for / granting / refusing
| Can I come and see your pictures? / Of course, you can. / Of course, you can’t.
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| Opportunity
| It’s the only occupation where you can be absolutely undistinguished and still flatter yourself a bit.
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COULD
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Ability
|
| · general ability
| The boy could read before he went to school.
| · capability
| He could read a great deal during the holidays.
| · particular ability
| Simon was so tired that he couldn’t open the door.
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| Theoretical Possibility
|
| · possibility / impossibility due to circumstances
| You couldsee the forest through the other window before the new block of houses was erected.
| · general possibility
| Anyone couldcome and ask him for help.
| · occasional possibility
| My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times.
| · uncertainty / doubt
| Could she have been waiting for us so long?
| · improbability
| You couldn’t be hungry. You’ve just had dinner.
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| Opportunity
| You could have found a more ingenious excuse.
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| Permission
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| · asking for
| Could I borrow $100?
| · general permission
| On Sundays we could stay up late.
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MAY
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Permission
|
| · asking for
| Now may I go?
| · granting
| You may smoke in here.
| · refusing
| Members may not bring more than two visitors into the club.
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| Possibility
|
| · ‘chance’ possibility (=possibly)
| I wonder how Tom knew about Ann’s engagement? – He may have heard it from Jack.
| · possibility due to circumstances
| Time adverbs may come at either the end of the sentence, but not in the middle.
| · supposition implying uncertainty
| He may be busy getting ready for his trip.
| · reluctance
| I may as well take the child with me.
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MIGHT
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Permission
|
| · asking for
| Might I speak to him now?
|
| Possibility
|
| · ‘chance’ possibility (= possibly)
| He came home alone. You shouldn’t have let him do that; he might have got lost.
| · possibility due to circumstances
| It’s too late to phone him now. He might be sleeping.
| · supposition implying uncertainty
| He might be doing his lessons now.
| · reluctance
| “I’ll go at six.” “That’s far too late; you might
just as well not go at all.”
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MUST
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Speaker’s / external authority
|
| · obligation
| I must remind you that you are giving a presentation tomorrow.
| · self-imposed duty
| I must see if I can find you something.
| · necessity
| You must leave her out of it.
| · instructions
| A trailer must have two rear lamps.
| · order
| Staff must be at their desks by 9.00.
| · emphatic advice
| You must come and see us when you are in London.
| · prohibition
| Staff mustn’t smoke when serving customers.
| · deduction
| He has a house in London and another in Paris, so he must be rich.
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NEED
| Значение
| Пример
|
| Necessity (speaker’s authority)
|
| · absence of necessity
| You needn’t make two copies. One will do.
| · advice
| You needn’t worry. Everything will be OK.
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