State out the primary ways of formation of phraseological units.

Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group:

a) the most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. launching pad in its terminological meaning is «стартова площадка», in its transferred meaning - «відправний пункт», to link up - “ стикуватися ”, in its tranformed meaning it means - «знайомитися»;

b) a large group of phraseological units was formed by transforming the meaning of free word groups, e.g. granny farm - «пансионат для старих людей», Trojan horse - «a person or thing used secretly to cause the ruin of an enemy»;

c) phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e.g. a sad sack - «нещасний випадок», culture vulture - «людина, яка цікавиться мистецтвом», fudge and nudge - «ухильність;.

d) phraseological units can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic of forming interjections, e.g. My aunt!, Hear, hear! etc;

e) phraseological units can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e.g. odds and ends was formed from «odd ends»;

f) phraseological units can be formed by using archaisms, e.g. in brown study means «in gloomy meditation» where both components preserve their archaic meanings;

g) phraseological units can be formed by using a phrase in a different sphere of life, e.g. that cock won’t fight can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting); it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, as it is used metaphorically;

h) phraseological units can be formed by the use of some unreal image, e.g. to have butterflies in the stomach - «відчувати хвилюваня» etc;

i) phraseological units can be formed by using expressions of writers or polititians in everyday life, e.g. «corridors of power» (Snow), «American dream» (Alby), «locust years» (Churchil), «the winds of change» (Mc Millan) etc.

STATE OUT THE SECONDARY WAYS OF FORMATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS.

Secondary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit; they are:

a) conversion, e.g. to vote with one’s feet was converted into vote with one’s feet;

b) changing the grammar form, e.g. Make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase - to make hay while the sun shines;

c) analogy, e.g. Curiosity killed the cat was transferred into Care killed the cat;

d) contrast, e.g. cold surgery - «a planned before operation» was formed by contrasting it with acute surger н, thin cat - «a poor person» was formed by contrasting it with fat cat;

e) shortening of proverbs or sayings, e.g. the phraseological unit to make a sow’s ear with the meaning «помилятись» was formed from the proverb You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear by means of clipping the middle of it;

f) borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e.g. living space (German), to take the bull by the horns (Latin), or by means of phonetic borrowings, e.g. meche blanche (French), corpse d’elite (French), sotto voce (Italian) etc.

Thus, we may conclude that, irrespective of the way of formation, the peculiarities of PhUs consist in the high degree of their semantic non-compositionality, indivisibility; the meaning of the whole unit is in almost all cases never influenced by the meaning of its components; further investigation may concern semantic and stylistic potential of PhUs