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Evaluate and give examples of syntactic classification of phraseological units
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Phraseological units can be clasified as parts of speech. This classification was suggested by I.V. Arnold. Here we have the following groups:
a) noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person, a living being, e.g. bullet train, latchkey child, redbrick university, Green Berets.
Set expressions functioning like nouns (noun phraseologisms): N+N: maiden name ‘the surname of a woman before she was married’; brains trust ‘a committee of experts’ or ‘a number of reputedly well – informed persons chosen to answer questions of general interest without preparation’. N’s + N: cat’s paw ‘one who is used for the convinience of a cleverer and stronger person’ (the expression comes from a fable in which a monkey wanting to eat some chestnuts that were on a hot stove, but not wishing to burn himself while getting them, seized a cat and holding its paw in his own used it to knock the chestnuts to the ground); Hobson’s choice, a set expression used when there is no choice at all, when a person has to take what is offered or nothing (Thomas Hobson, a 17th century London stableman, made every person hiring horses take the next in order). N+prep+N: the arm of the law. N+A: knight errant (the phrase is today applied to any chivalrous man ready to help and protect oppressed and helpless people). N+and+N: lord and master ‘husband’; all the world and his wife ‘everybody’; rank and file ‘the ordinary working members of an organization’(the origin of this expression is military life, it denotes common soldiers); ways and means ‘methods of overcoming difficulties’. A+N: green room ‘the general reception room of a theatre’ (it is said that formerly such rooms had their walls coloured green to relieve the strain on the actors’eyes after the stage lights); high tea ‘an evening meal which combines meat or some similar extra dish with the usual tea’. N+subordinate clause: ships that pass in the night ‘chance acquaintances’.
b) verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state, a feeling, e.g. to break the log-jam, to get on somebody’s coattails, to be on the beam, to nose out, to make headlines.
Set expressions functioning like verbs: V+N: to take advantage; V+postpositive: to give up; V+and+V: to pick and choose; V+(one’s)+N+(prep): to snap one’s fingers at; V+one+N: to give one the bird ‘to fire smb’. V+subordinate clause: to see how the land lies ‘to discover the state of affairs’.
c) adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality, e.g. loose as a goose, dull as lead.
Set expressions functioning like adjectives: A+and+A: high and mighty (as)+A+as+N: as old as the hills, as mad as a hatter.
d) adverb phraseological units: with a bump, in the soup, like a dream, like a dog with two tails.
Set expressions functioning like adverbs: A big group containing many different types of units, some of them with a high frequency index, neutral in style and devoid of expressiveness, others expressive. N+N: tooth and nail, Prep+N: by heart, of course, Adv+prep+A+N: once in a blue moon, Prep+N+or+N: by hook or by crook, Conj+clause: before one can say Jack Robinson.
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