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Give the sources of homonyms and compare with your tongue
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Sources of homonyms
On of source of homonyms is a phonetic change, which a word undergoes3 in the course of it historical development. As a result of such changes, less or more words, which were formerly pronounced differently, may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms.
“Night” and “knight”, for instance, were not homonyms in Old English (O.E.) as the initial “k” in the second word was pronounced. The verb “to write” in O.E. had the form “to writan” and the adjective “right” had the form “reht” or “riht”.
Another source of homonyms is borrowing. A borrowed word may, in the final stage of the phonetic adaptation conclude the form either with a native word or another borrowing. So in the group of homonyms “rite n – to write – right adj.” The second and third words are of native origin, whereas “rite” is Latin borrowing (Latin “ritus”); “bank “ n (“a shore”) is a native word, and bank n (a financial institution) is an Italian borrowing.
Word building also contributes significantly to the growth of homonymy, the most important type of it being conversion. Such pairs of words as “comb” n – “comb” v; “pale” adj. – “pale” v; “make” v – “make” n, etc. are numerous in vocabulary. Homonyms of this type refer to different categories of parts of speech and called lexico-grammatical homonyms.
Shortening is a further type of word-building, which increases the number of homonyms. For example “fan” (an enthusiastic admirer of some sportsmen, actor, singer, etc.) is a shortening produced from “fanatic” [f næ tik]. Its homonym is a Latin borrowing “fan” – an element for waving and produce some cool wind.4
About Kazakh homonyms A.Bolganbayev told [45; 39]: “Polysemantic words and homonyms are similar according to their external forms. But their sound structure is not identical. Polysemantic words have two or more word meanings. However they are related to the same part of speech”.
Homonyms are words that are identical in sound, but different in their meaning and they can be related to one or different parts of speech”.
For example:
Ара:
1. The Saw, n - the tool made of thin iron;
2. The Bee, n – a black and yellow striped insect that lives in large groups and that makes honey;
3. Distance between objects: екіауылдың арасы.
Ана:
1. Mother, n
2. That (demonstrative pronoun): Анажақ, анажылы, анабала
Kazakh homonym жаз has following meanings:
1. summer;
2. imperative mood of verb “to write”;
3. to straighten, to make something flat, even;
4. to be at loss (кө зжазыпкалды);
| GIVE THE SOURCES OF SYNONYMS AND COMPARE WITH YOUR TONGUE. Sources of Synonyms Synonymic Differentiation the word survived with a meaning more or less removed from the original one and became an obsolete or archaic word obsolete and modern words exist in the language but the obsolete word has a very specific meaning e.g. girl – OE wench Sources of Synonyms synonymic attraction -the referent which is very popular attracts a large number of synonyms e.g. variants and dialects of English e.g. lass (Scottish) - girl (English) long-distance call (USA) – trunk call (British) Sources of Synonyms word-building e.g. lab laboratory – shortening cheery - cheerfulaffixation anxiety – anxiousness phrasal verbs and set expressions e.g. to continue – to go on to smoke – to have a smoke Sources of Synonyms euphemisms – a shift of unpleasant meaning of a word to a more pleasant or milder one e.g. drunk – merry naked – in one’s birthday suit Синоним (гр. 'synonymos' — мағ ыналас, мә ндес) — тұ лғ алары ә ртү рлі, мағ ынасы жақ ын сө здер. Тілдердің дамып жетілуі, оның сө з байлығ ынан, оралымдағ ы синонимдерінің молдығ ынан кө рінеді. Синоним ретінде жұ мсалатын мә ндес сө здер тобы синонимдік қ атар немесе синонимдік ұ я деп аталады. Синонимдік қ атар қ ұ рамындағ ы мағ ыналық тұ рғ ыдан ұ йыстырып тұ рғ ан сө зді тірек сө з не доминант дейміз. Синонимдік қ атарғ а енген сө здердің мағ ыналық тұ рғ ыдан айырмасы болады. Мысалы, қ ұ лшыну — белсену, соғ ыс — ұ рыс, жабу — кілттеу сө здерінің мағ ыналық салмағ ы ә ртү рлі. Синоним сө здерді ү ш тү рлі белгілері арқ ылы тануғ а болады: мағ ыналық рең к (бала — перзент, ұ стаз — мұ ғ алім); стильдік рең к (еліру — желпілдеу, ақ сақ ал — қ ария); сө з қ олданысындағ ы рең ктер (ө мір — ғ ұ мыр, биік тау — бойшаң адам). Синонимдер мынадай жағ дайларда қ олданылады: мә тінде бір рет пайдаланылғ ан сө зді қ айталамау ү шін; бір ұ ғ ымды тү рлі белгілермен жан-жақ ты сипаттау мақ сатында; мағ ыналас екі сө з қ атар келсе, алдың ғ ысы соң ғ ысын анық тап, мағ ынасын кү шейтеді. Мұ ндай сө з қ олданысын плеоназм дейді. Мысалы, заң ғ ар биік тау, қ ұ р бекер жү ру; Синонимдер фразеологизмдерде кездеседі. Мысалы, Бармақ шайнап, сан соғ ып, қ ұ самен ө ткен ө мір ғ ой — бұ л да бір. Сө здің орнына оның жеке тү сінігін перифраза тә сілімен сипаттау арқ ылы; Мысалы, Астана деудің орнына Қ азақ станның астанасы; Мағ ынасы жағ ымсыз сө здерді эвфемистік тә сілмен жұ мсартып, жең ілдетіп айту. Мысалы, ө лді — о дү ниелік болды, қ артаю — жасы ұ лғ аю, т.б. Стилистикалық синонимдер — стилистикалық жағ ынан ерекшеленетін синоним сө здер.[1] | |
| COMPARE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS, THEIR IMPORTANT FEATURES. A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. Synonymy concerns the sameness of meaning, while antonymy concerns the oppositeness of meaning. The focus here is on antonymy which has a sense of relation, as well as synonymy. Sense is the meaning of word, especially the conceptual meaning in which it is usually derived from definition of the lexical items which can be found in dictionaries. Antonymy is oppositeness of meaning between a word and the other word or among words in the same part of speech, such as good-bad (adjective-adjective) and fast-slowly (adverb-adverb). According to Lyons (1977: 286) who states that antonymy covers the relation between lexical items whose meanings stand in opposition to each other and it is often thought as the opposite of synonymy. There are 2 issues which will be discuss here; three kinds of antonymy and problemin differentiating the type of antonymy. An example of synonyms are the words begin, start, and commence. Words can be synonymous when meant in certain senses, even if they are not synonymous in all of their senses. For example, if we talk about a long time or an extended time, long and extended are synonymous within that context. Synonyms with exact interchangeability share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field. Some academics call the former type cognitive synonyms to distinguish them from the latter type, which they call near-synonyms. Synonyms can be any part of speech (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions), as long as both words belong to the same part of speech. Examples: verb · buy and purchase · adjective · big and large · adverb · quickly and speedily · preposition · on and upon Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance, pupil as the aperture in the iris of the eye is not synonymous with student. Such like, he expired means the same as he died, yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died.In English, many synonyms emerged in the Middle Ages, after the Norman conquest of England. While England's new ruling class spoke Norman French, the lower classes continued to speak Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Thus, today we have synonyms like the Norman-derived people, liberty and archer, and the Saxon-derived folk, freedom and bowman. For more examples, see the list of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English.Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology, orthography, phonic qualities, ambiguous meanings, usage, etc. make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: feline is more formal than cat; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example, a long arm is not the same as an extended arm). Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms.The purpose of a thesaurus is to offer the user a listing of similar or related words; these are often, but not always, synonyms. Antonym-a word opposite in meaning to another. | |
| GIVE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEOGRAPHIC AND STYLISTIC SYNONYMS, GIVE EXAMPLES. Stylistic synonymy implies no interchangeability in context because the underlying situations are different, for example, children – infants, dad – father. Stylistic synonyms are similar in the denotational aspect of meaning, but different in the pragmatic (and connotational) aspect. Substituting one stylistic synonym for another results in an inadequate presentation of the situation of communication. stylistic synonyms– are distinguished stylistically, i.e. in all kinds of emotional, expressive and evaluative overtones without explicitly displaying semantic difference; Stylistic synonyms. Belong to different styles. 2) Ideographic synonymy presents a still lower degree of semantic proximity and is observed when the connotational and pragmatic aspects are similar, but there are certain differences in the denotational aspect of meaning of two words, for example, forest – woods, apartment – flat, shape – form. Though ideographic synonyms correspond to one and the same referential area, i.e. denote the same thing or a set of closely related things, they are different in the denotational aspect of the meaning and their interchange would result in a slight change of the phrase they are used in.Ideographic synonyms. They bear the same idea but not identical in their referential content. Ex.: to ascent – to mount – to climb To happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance | |
| SPEAK ON ABSOLUTE SYNONYMS AND THEIR FEATURES.Absolute synonyms - words agreeing in denotation, connotation and distribution (kind - sort, jazykově da - lingvistika, země pis - geografie). Rather in Czech than in English. Often a domestic word vs. a loanword. Some have become extinct (luč ba - chemie), dated or out-of-date (wireless replaced by radio).In some cases native words ousted foreign absolute synonyms in the course of time but these words are not recorded in modern dictionaries.in other cases native words remained, general words, and borrowed words were specialized in their meaning, “to work” is a native word, general in its meaning “To toil” was borrowed from French as its absolute synonym, now it is specialized in its meaning and denotes to do some hard and unpleasant work. | |
| GIVE THE CLASSIFICATION TYPES OF SYNONYMS FROM THE CONNOTATIONAL SIDE. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNONYMS Taking into account the difference of synonyms by the three aspects of their meaning they may be classified into stylistic, ideographic and ideographic-stylistic synonyms. 1) Stylistic synonymy implies no interchangeability in context because the underlying situations are different, for example, children – infants, dad – father. Stylistic synonyms are similar in the denotational aspect of meaning, but different in the pragmatic (and connotational) aspect. Substituting one stylistic synonym for another results in an inadequate presentation of the situation of communication. 2) Ideographic synonymy presents a still lower degree of semantic proximity and is observed when the connotational and pragmatic aspects are similar, but there are certain differences in the denotational aspect of meaning of two words, for example, forest – woods, apartment – flat, shape – form. Though ideographic synonyms correspond to one and the same referential area, i.e. denote the same thing or a set of closely related things, they are different in the denotational aspect of the meaning and their interchange would result in a slight change of the phrase they are used in. 3)Ideographic-stylistic synonymy is characterized by the lowest degree of semantic proximity. This type of synonyms includes synonyms which differ both in the denotational and connotational and / or pragmatic aspects of meaning, for example, ask – inquire, expect – anticipate. If the synonyms in questions have the same patterns of grammatical and lexical valency, they can still hardly be considered interchangeable in context. Each synonymic group comprises a dominant element – synonymic dominant, which is the most general term potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the synonymic group. In this series leave – depart – quit – retire – clear out the verb leave, being general and both stylistically and emotionally neutral, can stand for each of the other four terms. The other four can replace leave only when some specific semantic component prevails over the general notion. For example, when it is necessary to stress the idea of giving up employment and stopping work quit is preferable because in this word this particular notion dominates over the more general idea common to the whole group. |
CONTRAST THREE TYPES OF ANTONYMS: ABSOLUTE, DERIVATIONAL, MIXED.
ntonyms may be defined as two (rarely more) words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech with contradictory meaning (alive – dead, love –hate, useful - useless). Unlike synonyms, antonyms do not differ in style, emotional colouring or distribution.
The same word may have different antonyms when used with different words: single ticket – return ticket, she is single – she is married.
Classification according to the word-derivational structure:
1. Root (absolute) antonyms.
a. Antonyms proper. According to the relationship between their meanings proper (absolute) antonyms may be characterised as contrary. They are polar members of a gradual opposition which may have intermediary elements and always imply comparison which is clear from context. E.g. beautiful – pretty – good-looking – plain – ugly.
b. Complementary antonyms. Complementarity is a binary opposition; it may have only two members. The denial of one member means the assertion of the other. E.g. not male means female, not true means false.
c. Relational antonyms (converses). The relationship between the pairs is reciprocal. Converses denote one and the same subject as viewed from different points of view (e.g. subject and object, family and social relations, space and time relations, etc.). E.g. borrow – lend, husband – wife, before – after.
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