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Write about lexico-grammatical grouping of English vocabulary and its types.
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By a lexico-grammatical group we understand a class of words which have a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm, the same substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical meaning.
Lexico-grammatical groups should not be confused with parts of speech. For instance, audience and honesty belong to the same part of speech but to different lexico-grammatical groups because their lexico-grammatical meaning is different.
By this group we understand a class of words which have a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm, the same substituting elements and possibly a characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical meaning. This group is also observed or characterised by generalization or specialization of meanings of the words and by a high percentage of emotionally coloured ways. F: baby-a person who behaves like a baby, witch-an ugly and unkind woman, or metaphorical expressive names for people possessing qualities rightly or wrongly attributed to the respective animals: cow, fox, ass, bitch.
Within the lexico-grammatical grouping there are two types of vocabulary. The basis of grouping is not only linguistic but also extra-linguistic; the words are associated because the things they name occur together and are closely connected in reality. These words constitute quite definitely articulated spheres held together by differences, oppositions, distinctive values. F: the adjectives are subdivided into qualitative and relative. Adjectives characterise a substance for shape, colour, physical or mental qualities, speed, size.
1) Thematic group. Words such as names for parts of the human body, colour terms, military terms.
2) Ideographic group. Words belonging to different parts of speech, here the grammatical meaning is not taken into consideration, words and expressions are classed not according to their lexico-grammatical meaning, but according to their signification, to the system of logical notions. F: light (n)- bright (adj)-shine (v)
These two groups resemble the theory of semantic fields. Jost Trier German linguist tries to investigate the semantic field on the basis of Saussure’s theory of language as a synchronous system of networks held together by differences, oppositions and distinctive values. His definition to linguistic, conceptual or lexical field is “fields are linguistic realities existing between single words and the total vocabulary’; they are parts of a whole and resemble words in that way they combine some higher unit, and the vocabulary in that they resolve themselves into smaller units”. But later the notion semantic or lexical field is closely connected with the Moscow structuralist group. From their point of view, the detailed syntactic properties of the word are its meaning. Sharply defined extensive semantic fields are found in terminological systems. We shall call a term any word or word-group used to name a notion characteristic of some special field of knowledge, industry or culture. There are several controversial problems in the field of terminology.
1) whether a term loses its terminological status when it comes nto common usage. Under the circumstances numerous terms pass into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields.
2) there are linguists in whose opinion terms are only those words which have retained their exclusiveness and are not known or recognized outside their specific sphere.
3) according to some linguists, an ideal term should be monosemantic. Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding and that is a serious problem in professional communication.
Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.
31. WRITE ABOUT EMOTIONALLY NEUTRAL AND EMOTIONALLY COLOURED GROUPING OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND ITS TYPES.
Language is used not only to make statements but also to convey or express emotions. In this case lexical meaning acquires additional colouring (connotation). There exist three types of emotional words: emotional proper, intensifyiing and evaluatory.
Emotional words proper help to release emotions and tension. They include interjections (Hell! Ah!), words with diminutive and derogatory affixes (duckling, daddy), phrasal or converted personal nouns (a bore, a die-hard). Some words are emotional only in their metaphorical meaning. cow, ass, devil, angel (as applied to people).
Intensifying words are used to emphasize what is said: absolute, mere, ever, so, just. Their denotative meaning may be supressed by their emphatic function: awfully beautiful, terribly nice.
Evaluatory words express a value judgement and specify emotions as good or bad. Their denotative and evaluative meanings cxo-exist: scheme – a secret and dishonest plan.
Emotional words have some functional peculiarities.
1. They can be used in the emotional syntactic pattern a + (A) +N + of + a + N. - a mere button of a nose.
2. They can be used without any formal or logical connection with the context: There was a rumour in the office about some diamonds. –Diamonds, my eye, they’ll never find any diamonds. Here my eye has nodenotational meaning and the syntactic function.
3. They can contradict the meaning of the words they formally modify.: awfully glad, damn good.
4. They can lend emotional colouring to the whole sentence and occupy an optional position in it.
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