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Порядок слов в английском утвердительном предложении

Упражнение 4. Составьте предложения из следующих слов. Место наречия в предложении – перед глаголом–сказуемым (в случае, когда нет вспомогательных глаголов), или после первого вспомогательного глагола (когда он есть в предложении).

1. pharmaceutical, usually, classes, laboratory, chemical, the, have, of, the, in, students, the, faculty, chemistry.

2. consists, rooms, of, the, several, chemical, laboratory.

3. large, are, the, and, rooms, light.

4. requires, the, chemical, cleanliness, in, the, work, laboratory.

5. work, before, students, always, on, put, gowns, white.

Смысловой центр предложения

Каждое английское предложение должно иметь подлежащее и сказуемое. Они составляют основу того или иного высказывания. Все остальные слова любого предложения зависят от главных членов предложения. Они поясняют или дополняют подлежащее и сказуемое. К второстепенным членам предложения можно отнести дополнение, обстоятельство и определение.

Особая роль в английском предложении принадлежит глаголу–сказуемому. Глагол всегда стоит после подлежащего или после его правого определения. Именно глагол превращает существительное в живое выражение мысли, передаёт динамику действия, о котором сообщается в высказывании.

Упражнение 5. Подчеркните смысловое ядро (подлежащее и сказуемое) в каждом из следующих предложений. Переведите эти предложения.

1. Many herbs have been used since ancient times. 2. Each herb is used for a different ailment. 3. One way to prepare herbs is to make an infusion, or a sort of tea. 4. Many herbs can be bought dried and packaged in “teabags”. 5. Medicinal herbs include chamomile, hyssop, fever-few and tansy. 6. All herbs can be used fresh or dried. 7. Most people think of herbs as plants with aromatic leaves used for cooking and preserving food, and also as medicines. 8. Preservatives destroy or inhibit the development of microorganisms. 9. Aspirin – type drugs can cause internal bleeding.

Упражнение 6. Прочтите текст и переведите его. Подчеркните сказуемые в каждом предложении и определите время и залог каждого из глаголов сказуемых (см. §8-14 грамматического справочника).

Soap

According to some sources, soap was invented by the Phoenicians about 2, 300 years ago. The value of soap in those days was more than cosmetic: skin infections and other illnesses ran rampant when soap was scarce. Now the concern is whether it will clean without irritating or drying your skin.

Old-fashioned classic soap is still made with the same original recipe combining an alkali, a fat and water. Ivory is one example of traditional soap, but many of the 'soaps' on the shop shelves today are technically detergents.

Detergents are often associated with household cleansers, and it is assumed that they are harsher than soap. Although this can be true, when it comes to facial cleansers, many companies add emollients, making them gentle to the skin. Dove is a familiar 'soap' that's really a detergent bar - and known for its mildness.

An advantage of using a detergent in a 'soap' is that it makes it easier to control the pH. The pH of a substance refers to whether it is acidic, alkaline or neutral. A pH of 7 is neutral, above 7 is alkaline, and below 7 is acidic.

Because true soaps are made with alkalis, it's not surprising that they tend to have a higher index. Using an alkaline soap actually changes the pH of your skin, which can leave it feeling 'tight', especially if it is dry. The effect is temporary: healthy skin quickly returns to its usual pH.

If you see the phrase 'pH balanced', it is likely that the cleanser is non-alkaline and should be less irritating. There are also super-fatted and glycerin cleansers, deodorant bars, as well as liquid and medicated cleansers.

Вопросы в английском языке

Вопросы бывают 4 типов: общие, специальные, альтернативные и разделительные.

Общими называются вопросы, на которые можно ответить «да» или «нет». Такие вопросы начинаются со вспомогательного глагола. Например:

Did you finish school last year? Yes, I did.

Can you drive a car? No, I can't.

Have you finished your work? No, I haven't.

Специальные вопросы имеют целью выяснение какого–либо факта или обстоятельства. Они начинаются с вопросительного слова и относятся к одному из членов предложения. Запомните следующие вопросительные слова.

who? кто? кого? кому? how many/much? сколько?

how? как? what? что? какой?

what for? зачем? why? почему? зачем?

where? где? куда? how long? как долго? сколько (времени)?

which? который? какой?

Why are you late? – I'm sorry, I overslept.

Where do you work? – I work for a drug company.

What do your parents do? – They are both pensioners.

Альтернативные вопросы имеют целью уточнение подробностей, это своего рода наводящие вопросы. Такие вопросы по структуре похожи на общие вопросы и не требуют полного ответа, достаточно назвать одну из предлагаемых альтернатив.

- Do you study at the pharmaceutical or stomatological faculty? –

- At the pharmaceutical faculty.

- Shall I take these tablets once or twice a day? – Once a day with a meal.

Разделительные вопросы имеют целью уточнение того или иного факта или обстоятельства и требуют полного ответа. Это, в сущности, утвердительные предложения с вопросительным хвостиком “не так ли”? Причем, если в самом предложении содержится отрицание, «в хвостике» не должно быть частицы not. Например:

You are the manager, aren't you? – Yes, I am the managing director.

You haven't had lunch, have you? – No, I haven't. I was too busy.

They live in Barnaul, don't they? – No, they don't. They live in a small town in the Ukraine.

Упражнение 7. Задайте вопросы, пользуясь этой таблицей.

Упражнение 8. Поставьте специальные вопросы к следующим предложениям. Начинайте вопрос с вопросительного слова, данного в скобках.

Пример:

I leave for work at half past seven in the morning (when).

When do you leave for work?

1. She finished school this year. (when)

2. They read fluently. (how?)

3. We shall spend our vacation in the mountains. (where)

4. He will take his exams soon. (when?)

5. You should read the prescription attentively to avoid error at dispensing (why?)

Упражнение 9. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. We shall graduate from the institute next year.

2. My friend lives in the country.

3. My mother gave me a present for my birthday.

4. She sings loudly.

5. They are watching TV now.

6. This drug is used topically.

Упражнение 10. Задайте вопросы ко всем членам предложения.

My parents are usually at home on weekends.

My sister entered the Institute last year.

She has been working for a pharmaceutical company since 2002.

Упражнение 11. Прочтите следующий текст и переведите письменно абзацы 1 и 2.

Упражнение 12. Задайте письменно 10 вопросов по содержанию текста Acids.

Acids

Acids are among the most useful and sometimes the most dangerous of chemical substances. Concentrated hydrochloric acid, for example, is a deadly poison, but if people did not have some dilute hydrochloric acid in their stomachs, they would not be able to digest their food properly. The word " acid" comes from the Latin word acidus which means " sour", because most acids have a sour taste. For this reason vinegar was thought by the ancient people to be a typical acid. Scientists use litmus, a dye made from plants called lichens, to test whether unknown liquids are acids. Paper treated with the dye (litmus paper) turns red when it is dipped into acids. Litmus paper is called an indicator. Acids can be recognized by their reaction with magnesium metal or sodium carbonate (washing soda), both of which dissolve in acids with much fizzing.

Concentrated acids are extremely dangerous, and even dilute acids must be used with great care. Sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids are very corrosive and burn many materials including skin, wool, and cloth. However, most acids are not as corrosive as this, and many of them are solids, not liquids. There are some chemicals which are not acids but are corrosive, for example, the alkali sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). If an acid and an alkali are mixed, " neutralization" occurs, and water is formed together with a substance called a salt.

Some acids cause serious burns; some, for example, from ants, bees, or plants such as nettles, cause stings; and some are deadly poisons. However, others are harmless and are even present in food. Many of these take their names from the fruit or substance in which they are found. Thus, citric acid comes from citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons and limes; malic acid is the mild acid found in unripe apples (malum is the Latin word for " apple"). Grapes contain tartaric acid, which is used for making cream of tartar and some baking powders. Vinegar contains acetic acid (from acetum, the Latin word for " vinegar").

Acids which come from plants and animals are called organic acids, but some of them are not so pleasant as the ones that have just been described. Oxalic acid, which is found in sor­rel, rhubarb leaves, and other plants, is used for removing stains and is poisonous. Prussic acid is to be found in small amounts in bitter almonds and in peach stones. It is a dangerous poison because it contains cyanide.

Sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids are the most important mineral, or inorganic, acids and they are extremely important in industrial chemistry. Chemists have ident­ified hundreds of acids and can synthesize them, even the organic acids found in plants. The mineral acids, especially the three named at the beginning of this para­graph, are made and used in great quantities. Sulfuric acid, for example, is used in the manufacture of such articles as batteries, fertilizers, explosives, plastics, and consumer goods, and almost all chemical factories make use of this acid.