How Companies Advertise

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Advertising informs consumers about the existence of benefits of products and services and attempts to persuade them to buy them. The best for of advertising is probably word-of-mouth advertising which occurs when people tell their friends about the benefits of products or services that they have purchased. Yet, virtually, no providers of goods and services rely on that alone, but use paid advertising instead. Indeed, many organizations also use institutional or prestige advertising, which is designed to build up their reputation rather than to sell particular goods.

Although large companies can easily set up their own advertising departments, write their own advertisements and buy media space themselves, they tend to use services of large advertising agencies. These are likely to have more recourses, and more knowledge about all aspects of advertising and advertising media than a single company.

The most talented advertising people generally prefer to work for agencies rather than individual companies as this gives them the chance to work on a variety of advertising accounts (contracts to advertise products and services). It is also easier for a dissatisfied to give its account to another agency than it would be to fire its own advertising stuff.

The client company generally gives the advertising agency an agreed budget; a statement of the objectives of the advertising campaign, known as a brief; and an overall advertising strategy concerning the message to be communicated to the target customers. The agency creates advertisements (the word is often abbreviated to adverts or ads) and develops a media plan specifying which media – newspapers, magazines, radio, television, cinema, posters, mail etc - will be used and in which proportions. On television and radio ads are often known as commercials. Agencies often produce alternative ads or commercials that are pre-tested in newspapers, television stations, etc. in different parts of a country before a final choice is made prior to a national campaign.

The agency’s media planners have to decide what percentage of the target market they want to reach (how many people will be exposed to the ads) and the number of times they are likely to see them. Advertising people talk about frequency or ‘OTS’ (opportunities to see) and the threshold effect – the point at which advertising becomes effective. The choice of advertising media is generally strongly influenced by the comparative cost of reaching 1, 000 members of the target audience, the cost per thousand (often abbreviated to CPM, using the Roman numeral for 1, 000). The timing of advertising campaigns depends on factors such as purchasing frequency and buyer turnover (new buyers entering the market).

How much to spend on advertising is always problematic. Some companies use the comparative-parity method – they simply match their competitors’ spending, thereby avoiding advertising wars. Others set their ad budget at a certain percentage of current sales revenue. But both these methods disregard the fact that increased ad spending or counter-cyclical advertising can increase current sales. On the other hand, expressive advertising is counter-productive because after too mane exposures people tend to stop noticing ads, or begin to find them irritating. And once the most promising prospective customers have been reached, there are diminishing returns, i.e. an ever-smaller increase in sales in relation to increased advertising spending.