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Infinitive and gerund


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I. Verbs followed immediately by infinitive

Verbs Examples
to afford I can't afford to buy it.
to agree They agreed to help us.
to appear Sue appears to be tired.
to arrange I'll arrange to meet you at the airport
to ask He asked to come with us.
to attempt Do not attempt to repair the computer yourself.
to beg He begged to come with us.
to bother He didn’t even bother to ask for permission.
to care I don't care to see that show.
to choose We chose to go by train.
to claim She claims to know a famous movie star.
to consent She finally consented to marry him.
to decide I have decided to leave on Monday.
to demand I demand to know who is responsible.
to deserve She deserves to win the prize.
to endeavour (=to try) I will endeavour to do my best for my country.
to expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.
to fail She failed to return the book to the library on time.
to guarantee The bank guaranteed to pay all his debts.
to hesitate Don't hesitate to ask for my help.
to hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.
to lead to This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of other galaxies.
to learn He learned to play the piano.
to long for I’m longing to see you again.
to manage We managed to get to the airport in time.
to neglect She neglected to mention the name of her previous employer.
to offer They offered to help us.
to omit She omitted to mention that they were staying the night.
to plan I am planning to throw a party when I come back from my holiday.
to prepare We prepared to welcome them.
to pretend He pretends not to understand.
to promise I promise not to be late.
to refuse I refuse to believe his story.
to resolve He resolved not to tell her the truth.
to seem Your cat seems to be friendly.
to struggle He struggled to stay awake.
to swear She swore to tell the truth.
to threaten She threatened to tell my parents about that.
to volunteer He volunteered to help us.
to wait I will wait to hear from you.
to want I want to tell you something. What do you want to do tomorrow?
to wish She wishes to come with us. This course is designed for people wishing to update their computer skills.

 

II. Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning

Verbs Examples
can’t stand Lily can't stand working in an office. She can't stand to hear them arguing.
to bear (can’t bear) I can’t bear having /to have cats in the house.
to begin Have you begun reading / to read the book yet?
to bother He didn’t even bother to let me know he was coming. Why bother asking if you’re not really interested?
to cease You never cease to amaze me! The company ceased trading in June.
to continue Will you continue attending / to attend these classes?
to encourage Banks actively encourage people to borrow money. / Banks actively encourage people’s borrowing money.
to endure He can’t endure to be / being defeated.
to finish She finished reading /to read the book and put it away.
to intend I intended to pay for all the damage done. We intend looking at the situation again.
to start It started raining /to rain.

 

III. Verbs followed by a noun/pronoun + infinitive

Verbs Examples
to advise smb to do smth She advised me to wait until tomorrow.
to allow smb to do smth She allowed me to use her car.
to ask smb to do smth I asked John to help us.
to beg smb to do smth They begged us to come.
to cause smb to do smth Her laziness caused her to fail.
to challenge smb to do smth She challenged me to race her to the corner.
to convince smb to do smth I couldn't convince Ann to accept our help.
to dare smb to do smth He dared me to do better than he had done.
to encourage smb to do smth He encouraged me to try again.
to expect smb to do smth I expect you to be on time.  
to forbid smb to do smth I forbid you to call him.
to force smb to do smth They forced him to tell the truth.
to hire smb to do smth She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
to instruct smb to do smth He instructed them to be careful.
to invite smb to do smth Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party
to order smb to do smth The judge ordered me to pay a fine.
to permit smb to do smth He permitted the children w stay up late.
to persuade smb to do smth I persuaded him to come for a visit.
to remind smb to do smth She reminded me to lock the door.
to require smb to do smth Our teacher requires us to be on time.
to teach smb to do smth My brother taught me to swim.
to tell smb to do smth The doctor told me to take these pills.
to urge smb to do smth I urged her to apply for the job.
to want smb to do smth I want you to be happy.
to warn smb to do smth I warned you not to drive too fast.

IV. Adjectives followed by infinitive

Adjectives Examples
to be anxious She was anxious to finish school and get a job.
to be glad I’m glad to hear you’re feeling better.
to be happy We are happy to announce the engagement of our daughter.

V. Set expressions used with infinitive

Set expressions Examples
let alone + bare inf The baby can't even sit up yet, let alone walk!
can/ can’t / could / couldn’t but + bare inf What could he do but forgive her? She couldn’t but let him know her telephone number.

IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund

 

Verbs Examples
to admit Brian admitted taking the money.
to anticipate They anticipate moving to another premises by the end of the year.
to appreciate I don’t appreciate being treated like a second-class citizen.
to avoid They built a wall to avoid soil being washed away.
can’t face I can’t face seeing this awful man again.
can’t help I can’t help thinking he knows more than he told us.
can’t stand Mrs. Perry couldn’t stand being kept waiting.
to consider They are considering buying a new car.
to contemplate I have never contemplated living abroad.
to delay He delayed telling her the news waiting for the right moment.
to deny He denies attempting to rob the bank.
to detest They detest seeing each other.
to dislike I dislike being away from my family.
to dread She dreads her husband finding out.
to enjoy He hardly enjoys dealing with these people.
to envisage I can’t envisage her coping with this job.
to escape He narrowly escaped being killed.
to excuse Excuse my interrupting you.
to fancy Do you fancy going out this evening?
to feel like I don’t feel like going out tonight, let’s stay at home and watch a video.
to forgive Forgive my interrupting but I really don’t agree with you.
to imagine I can’t imagine him saying that!
to involve The test will involve answering 50 question on the topics learnt.
to justify How can they justify asking to pay such huge taxes?
to keep Keep smiling, you look so nice when you smile.
to mention Did she mention attending classes in Oxford?
to mind Do you mind going there instead of me?
to miss She narrowly missed hitting him.
to postpone It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital.
to practise Practise pronouncing this word correctly.
to prevent Nothing could prevent his (him) speaking against that plan.
to propose How do you propose getting home?
to put off Don’t keep putting off going to the doctor!
to recollect I recollect him (his) saying that it was dangerous.
to resent He bitterly resents being treated like a child.
to resist The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates.
to risk The conspirators knew they risked being arrested.
to spend The company has spent thousands of pounds updating their computer systems.
to suggest I suggest going in my car.
to tolerate She refused to tolerate being called a liar.
to understand I just can’t understand him taking the money.
to quit If only he could quit smoking!

IV. Expressions always used with gerund

to be busy James is busy practicing for the school concert.
to be worth It is worth making an appointment with the doctor before you go.
to waste time on/in  

V. Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund

 

Verbs with Prepositions Examples
to accuse smb of She accused him of lying.
to admit to Brian admitted to taking the money.
to aim at They are aiming at training everyone by the end of the year.
to apologize for Go and apologize for being so rude to your aunt.
to approve of Father doesn’t approve of me leaving school this year.
to believe in I don’t believe in hitting children.
to bother about Don’t bother yourself about making tea.
to burst out Karen burst out laughing.
to care for I don’t care for gardening.
to carry on He carried on peeling the potato.
to come of That comes of eating too much!
to come round to You will eventually come around to thinking about it.
to complain of She complained of being treated in a rude way.
to confess to I must confess to knowing nothing about computers.
to consist of (in) Most of the fieldwork consisted of making tape recordings.
to congratulate smb on You can congratulate yourself on having done an excellent job.
to count on We can’t count on this warm weather lasting long.
to decide against We decided against going to the beach in that weather.
to despair of They had almost despaired of ever having children.
to disapprove of He strongly disapproved of changing the plans.
to dream about In her sleep she dreamt about becoming a famous singer.
to dream of I wouldn’t dream of going there without you.
to end in At first they hated each other, but they ended up getting married.
to forget about If I lose my job we can forget about buying a new car.
to forgive smb for Forgive me for interrupting, but I really don’t agree with that.
to feel up to After the accident she didn’t feel up to driving.
to get around to I hope to get around to answering your letter next week.
to get down to It’s time I got down to thinking about this essay.
to give up You ought to give up riding at your age.
to go back to She decided to go back to teaching.
to grumble about Don’t grumble about being treated in that way. You deserved it.
to hesitate about I didn’t hesitate a moment about taking the job.
to insist on They insist on playing their music late at night.
to keep on Keep on walking until you go to the crossroads.
to leave off He left off playing the piano to answer the door.
to mean by What did she mean by leaving so early?
to object to I really object to being charged for parking.
to persist in Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?
to plan on We hadn’t planned on going anywhere this evening.
to prevent from Nothing would prevent him from speaking against injustice.
to put off He keeps putting off going to the dentist.
to reckon on We reckoned on having good weather.
to refrain from He has refrained from criticising the government in public.
to resolve on We had resolved on making an early start.
to return to She looked up briefly and then returned to her sewing.
to result in (from) These policies resulted in many elderly and disabled people suffering hardship.
to save from They did their best to save her from injuring herself.
to set about We need to set about finding a solution. (=to start)
to stop (smb) from There is nothing to stop you from accepting the offer.
to succeed in He succeeded in getting a place in an art school.
to take to I’ve taken to waking up very early.
to suspect smb/smth of The drug is suspected of causing over 200 deaths.
to talk of Mary is talking of looking for another job.
to thank smb for She said goodbye and thanked us for coming.
to think of (about) I couldn’t think of letting you take the blame.
to threaten with He was threatened with being dismissed.
to warn against The guidebook warns against walking alone in this area at night.
to worry about Don’t worry about getting there late.

 

VI. Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund

 

Set Phrase Example
to look forward to I always look forward to staying with you.
to make a point of She made a point of closing all the windows before leaving the house.
to find excuses for He always finds excuses for forgetting my birthday.
to take pride in He takes pride in riding his horse.
to lose time in Don’t lose time in chatting over the phone.
to have no doubt about Researchers have no doubt about smoking being a cause of many lethal diseases.

 

VII. Adjectives followed by a preposition + gerund

 

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund Example
to be absorbed in She seemed totally absorbed in reading.
to be (un) accustomed to She was a person accustomed to having eight hours’ sleep at night.
to be afraid of He was afraid of upsetting his parents.
to be amused at He was amused at seeing how seriously she took the game.
to be angry with smb for I was angry with myself for making such a stupid mistake.
to be annoyed at I was annoyed with myself for giving in so easily.
to be ashamed of You should be ashamed with yourself for telling such lies.
to be aware of They suddenly became aware of people looking at them.
to be bad at doing smth He is really bad at keeping secrets.
to be (get) bored with The children quickly got bored with staying indoors.
to be bothered with It’s not worth bothering with using an umbrella.
to be (in)capable of He is quite capable of lying to get out of the trouble.
to be careful about (in) You must be careful about handling chemicals.
to be certain of You’ll have to learn soon to make certain of getting there on time.
to be clever at She is clever at getting what she wants.
to be (un) conscious of He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents.
to be content with Not content with stealing my boy-friend, she has turned all my friends against me.
to be embarrassed at He felt embarrassed at being the centre of attention.
to be excited about The children were excited about opening their presents.
to be far from Computers, far from destroying jobs, can create employment.
to be fond of Telma is fond of telling other people what to do.
to be fortunate in I was fortunate in having a good teacher.
to be frightened of I’m frightened of walking home alone.
to be furious at She was absolutely furious at being deceived.
to be given to He is given to going for long walks.
to be good (better) at Nick has always been good at finding cheap flights.
to be interested in Are you interested in joining our club?
to be irritated at She was irritated at his smiling at her like that.
to be keen on She is not keen on being told what to do.
to be proud of smb for He was proud of himself for not giving up.
to be pleased at He was pleased at seeing her.
to be responsible for He is responsible for informing everyone about the meeting.
to be scared at (of) He is scared of going out alone.
to be serious about He is serious about wanting to sell the house.
to be sick of I’m sick of doing this work.
to be skilled in (at) She is highly skilled at dealing with difficult customers.
to be slow in His poetry was slow in achieving recognition.
to be sorry for He is really sorry for taking the car without asking.
to be successful at (in) I wasn’t very successful at keeping the news secret.
to be sure of England must win this game to be sure of qualifying for the World Cup.
to be surprised at I am surprised at you behaving like that in front of the kids.
to be thankful for I am thankful to you for inviting me.
to be tired of She was tired of hearing about their trip to India.
to be (get) upset at smth The father got upset at receiving the bad news.
to be (un)used to I’m not used to eating so much at lunchtime.
to be worried about He was worried about their not coming on time.
to be wrong in You are wrong in counting on me.

 

VIII. Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions

Preposition ‘of’

Noun Example
advantage Can you tell us about the advantages of living in a small town?
art He is a good a therapist trained in the art of healing.
chance Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight?
habit He has the irritating habit of biting his nails.
idea I like the idea of living on a boat.
impression She gives the impression of being very busy
opportunity At least give him the opportunity of explaining what happened.
pleasure She had the pleasure of seeing him look surprised.
pretext He left the party early on the pretext of having work to do.
satisfaction He had the satisfaction of seeing his book become a best-seller.
way I’m not happy with this way of working.

Preposition ‘at’

Noun Example
amazement The old lady couldn’t hide her amazement at seeing the boy’s delight.
astonishment His astonishment at seeing me alive was genuine.
attempt The couple made several unsuccessful attempts at achieving a compromise.
delight The students’ delight at hearing the announced exam results was overwhelming.
dismay She could not hide her dismay at finding her husband at home.
genius He’s a genius at organizing people.
irritation She couldn’t but show her irritation at learning that the letter had not been sent.
pleasure The mother’s pleasure at finding her children safe and sound was immense.
satisfaction The teacher’s satisfaction at giving his students good marks was clearly seen on his face.
shyness The girl’s shyness at being introduced to the great scientist amazed everybody present.
surprise They couldn’t conceal their surprise at seeing us together.

 

Preposition ‘for’

 

Noun Example
cause I had no cause for complaining.
excuse His excuse for forgetting her birthday was that he had lost his diary.
genius He had a genius for making people feel at home.
gift He has the gift of making friends easily.
ground What were his grounds for wanting a divorce?
motive There seemed to be no motive for murdering that old man.
opportunity There’ll be plenty of opportunity for relaxing once the work is done.
passion The English have a passion for gardening.
pretext His pretext for being late was lame.
reason I have no particular reason for doubting him.
reputation I’m aware of Mark’s reputation for being late.
talent She showed considerable talent for getting what she wanted.

Preposition ‘in’

Noun + preposition Example
advantage Is there any advantage in getting there early?
delight He takes great delight in proving others wrong.
difficulty I had no difficulty (in) making myself understood.
experience He is a doctor with experience in dealing with patients suffering from stress.
harm There is no harm in window shopping, is there?
hesitation I would have no hesitation in recommending Philip for the position.
pleasure She took pleasure in shocking her parents.
point There is no point in waiting for him.
sense There’s no sense in worrying about it now.
skill What made him remarkable as a photographer was his skill in capturing the moment.

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