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Law of custom of parliament
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· relates to etiquette governing the internal working of parliament and the conduct of its members
· guide lawmakers (when they are faced with the problem of integrating sth. new into the UK legal system
BRITISH SOCIETY
- different to many Continental societies
- great emphasis on personal ability and merit of the individual
- regardless of their social background
- snobbism, elitism – not too much
- Self-made man – respected
- individual effort
- civil society
· responsible behaviour
· voluntarily from the individual
- sport fans
WORKPLACE
- hierarchical structures – as flexible as possible
- “ideas from bellow”
- boss – has his door always open; willing to listen to all reasonable comments and suggestions from subordinates
- power distance – 35 – very low (x French – 68)
- individualism – 89 (3rd position behind USA and Australia)
PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN THE UK
- no document outlining citizens rights
- what is not forbidden is allowed => “ negative rights”
- free speech – not guaranteed
- state – the same freedom as individuals
- Human rights act – 1998 – similar to European Convention of Human rights. Guarantee: freedom of expression; freedom from unlawful detention; right to privacy, …
ENGLAND
Capital: London – one of the largest cities in the world
· more than 1 million inhabitants
· cosmopolitan city
Country of industry
· highly efficient agriculture
Dotted with “Stately homes” – former seat of the great Aristocratic families of England
The South of England – associated with Aristocrats, the Royal family, fox hunting, “snobbish accent”
· seen as: soft, lazy, impractical
The North of England – industrial, populated by very practical, realistic, cynical people
· friendly, open, great dislike to snobbish and humbug
Not only urban society
Villages:
· great place to see a cross section of England society
· every village has its “big house” – member of local “great family”
· in every village: gossip, drunk, village idiot
· order people – view their home as the centre of the Universe => do not criticize
· them
For foreigners: do not criticize or poke fun at the Royal Family
Tea
· ritual
· in the past afternoon tea – served with sweet cake or cucumber sandwiches – high point of the day
· symbolize their homeland
ENGLISH COUSINE
- many jokes by foreigners
- have character
- contains so much fat, sugar, salt
- breakfast:
porridge, fry up, tomatoes, beans, large slice of bread
- lunch
boiled potatoes, vegetables, bacon or roast beef
fish and chips
- pub grub (bar snacks)
soup, sandwiches, steak, kidney pie
SCOTLAND
- Celtic kingdom
- industrial power
- famous for shipbuilding
- capital: Glasgow
- agriculture – highlands
- sheep => wool, meat
- hospitable
- proud of their nation - Celts
- happy to be British
- never call a British person “English”
- love family
- interested who is related to whom
WALES
- Celtic
- different from Scottish
- own language
- dependent on coal mining and agriculture
THE NOTHERN IRELAND
- its own parliament and government
The Republic of Ireland
Young people
o well educated
o articulate
o sophisticated
o forward looking
o very sure of their position in the world
o if you say: “ I love your music, writers, dance,..” => you will lost their goodwill
and respect
o friendliness
- power distance: 28
o managers do not hold themselves aloof from their subordinates
o first name terms – but – doesn´ t mean familiarity
o invisible border
- individualism: 70
o highly prized in firms
o you get task to be done in a certain time – how you complete is up to you
o high level
- masculinity: 68
- uncertainty avoiding index: 35
o unwritten, unspoken limits
o they need less explicit laws
Japanese Culture
- 3000 islands
- the eastern coast of Asia
- population: over 120 million
- 70 % of the people live in the area from Tokyo to Kyushu Island
- 75 % of the area is covered by forests
- parliamentary democracy under the rule of a constitutional monarch
- official language: Japanese
- literacy: 100 %
- secondary school education: 95 % of the population
- masculinity is the most significant value (=> Hofstede)
- the lowest ranking factor – individualism
- collectivistic culture
- status: age, rank and hierarchy determine position
- tradition: focus on heritage and precedent
- idealism: doing things the “right” way
- ambiguous work roles: no specific job description
- formality: respect demonstrated trough formality
- indirectness: saving face is the priority
- highly non-verbal: understanding from context
- reserved: avoid any position on others
- focus on relationship
- group come first!!!
- physical pleasure
o good and worthy
o love hot baths, sleeping, eating
VERBAL SIGNALS
- conversational counterpoint phrases
o listener – active part in the dialogue – short phrases every few seconds
o ensuring speaker of your attention
o keep conversation going
- indirect expressions
o large hedging vocabulary – neither yes or no
- abundant number of greetings and social phrases
o social phrases – in introduction, when entering / leaving the room, when starting a dialogue
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS
- high context
- implicit culture
- same gestures as at us, but with different meaning
- bowing rather than shaking each others hand
- poker face
- mask of smile – use in adverse situations
- face of surprise – form of flattery14
- eye contact – give themselves privacy in crowded places
- silence – important part of non-verbal communication; pauses between words
BUSINESS:
- starts with small talk (weather, golf tournament,..)
- during the meeting all related matters should be discussed (systematically, in great details)
- relationships
- loyalty to the group
- long term orientation
- mutual trust – personal trust is more important than the contract
- people-oriented business – business relations = family ties15; agreement to work together
- reaching the agreement – need of trust; long time
- working style – job assignments are given to team, not to the individual
- team – one big open space office
- group orientation
o the main difference between Japan and West
o group defines the individual and the individual is only significant as he/she
represents the group
- emotions
o negative one – not openly expressed
- hierarchy
o hierarchical relationships are essential in the whole society
o ranking – very important
o seniority – traditionally an important criterion for promotion
- shame society
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
- “down to top” system
HISTORY
- two main points which characterize Japanese history:
o over 10 000 years of cultural continuity
o the ability to adopt imported culture and technology to improve Japanese living
standards
- 1945-55 post war recovery
- 1955-72 rapid growth
- 1987-90 period of domestic demand-led expansion; increasing industrial and lifestyle sophistication
- 1990´ s collapse of bubble economy
- 1998 - recovery
- nowadays 1, 3 million corporations; concentration of economic power
EMPLOYMENT
- tertiary sector – 60 % of all Japanese workers
- primary sector – less than 10 % of workers
- employment system – 3 essential institutions
o lifetime employment
mutual commitment and loyalty
recruited immediately upon graduation, continue till retirement (65)
academic credentials – very importan
graduating from good university – essential
o the seniority system
based on employee´ s rank
salary, qualification – based on length of service in the company
o Enterprise Unionism
unusual link between individual employee – company
this relationship should be harmonious
- hard workers
- strong Buddhist traditions
- women
o lower salaries (60 % of men´ s salary)
o administration positions (men – managerial positions)
o expect to leave the position when they marry
What behavior would offend the Japanese in a business situation:
- losing your temper
- slouching in a chair
- putting your feet on your desk
- interrupting someone, or not letting someone finish his sentence
- refusing to accept a drink when offered, it can be non-alcoholic
- wearing shoes in the house, using the wrong slippers for the toilet
China
- 1, 3 bn people => 1/5thof the world´ s population
- changing lifestyle
- “One child” policy
- minority groups live in border areas
- world´ s fastest growing economy
- trading giant, 5thworld´ s exporteur
- communist party
- traditional values in Chinese society
o high power distance
o low ranking factor – individualism
strong relationships in society
everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of his / her group
o masculine country
high degree of gender differenciation
men take decisions in their families => accepted by Chinese women => part of culture
o long-term orientation
very high level
- the value of harmony
o harmony in all aspects of life is very important
o all people have to depend on each other
o in a broad sense
hierarchy (dependence)
o in a narrow sense
dependence within a family
- to achieve harmony one must fulfill duties and obligations in five cardinal relationships:
o between the emperor and the subject
o between father and son
o between husband and wife
o between brothers
o between friends
- group orientation
o one of the most characteristic features
o the group defines the individual
o belonging to the group / family gives the Chinese a feeling of psychological and
social security
- face consciousness
o shame society
o keeping face – very important
o shame = reaction to public criticism
o one does not need to worry as long as his bad behaviour does not get him out from
the group, as long as does not lose “face”
- family
o very important
o sociability, security, support in need, loyalty, faithfulness16, devotion17, “face”
o grandparents + in-laws + other relatives => in one house
o children
have to obey their parents
centre of attention
- communication
o high context; implicit communication
o fixed word phrases
- Chinese weakness
o corruption
almost every commercial transaction in China
o nepotism18
distance between ordinary people and government
the Chinese as a whole never desired to change the structural arrangement of
Chinese society
o unemployment
especially in rural areas
o AIDS
1.3 million people is infected
o the ageing population
- religion
o before communist revolution - number of religious
o Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Christian, Islam, …
- Chinese conservatism
o modernization, compromise – typical
o interpretation of law – based on human feelings and situation
o what is right / wrong – relative
- business culture
o do not like doing business with foreigners
o establish relationships
o presenting business card has its own etiquette – both hands, face up
o last name + given name – use both!
o like to ask personal questions
o do not like to be touched
o business launches, evening banquets – very popular
o giving gifts – Chinese decline it two or three tomes before they accept it
they should not be open immediately
never wrapped in white paper
fine whisky, cognac, foreign cigarettes, quality wines, …
o better than saying NO – MAYBE
o being late for appointment – rude
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