Ключик упражнениям

VI. 1. The IRS intends to audit the records. 2. We discussed a tax cut. 3. We must analyze how intensively students are using our libraries so that we can reliably project what new resources we will require. 4. When we analyzed the results of the experiment, we still could not explain why it failed. 5. In order to implement a new curriculum we must cooperate with students to achieve goals within a reasonable time-frame.

VII. Compare — comparison; describe — description; explain — explanation; express — expression; emphasize — emphasis; evaluate — evaluation; improve — improvement.

VIII. Emphasis — stress; compare — liken; topic — theme; explain — clarify; improve — update; summarize — resume; correct — proper.

IX. Different — similar; many — few; remember — forget; have — lack; include — omit; consider — ignore; often — rarely; allow — prevent; admit — deny; accept — reject.

X. 2. Although; 3. Even though, when; 4. About; 5. Must, should; 6. May, might, can, could; 7. Before, when, as, after; 8. More, less/ fewer, better, worse.

XII. 1. B; 2. C; 3. D; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D; 7. B; 8. D: 9. B; 10. C; 11. D; 12. A; 13. C; 14. B; 15. D; 16. A; 17. C; 18. D; 19. B; 20. C.

НАУЧНЫЙ ДОКЛАД (ОТЧЕТ)

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите и выучите не­знакомые слова.

Reports

The purpose of a scientific report is to convey essential information in an organized, useful format. And despite technological advances, the ability to accumulate data, organize facts, and compose a readable text remains a highly marketable skill.

A well-prepared report will provide complete, accurate information. This information is often meant to influence decisions, to be used in determining changes, improvements, or solutions to problems. Therefore, the report must also be clear, concise and readable.

Reports can be analytical (analyzing the information available) and informational (providing necessary information), formal (following an established form or convention), and factual (containing information obtained through investigation). Reports are made for the benefit of others — supplying the readers or the audience with the information they need in a form they can understand. Each report must serve at least one of the following purposes:

1. to inform

• Circulate new ideas;

• Inform others of work done or progress made;

• Provide update on the progress of the project.

2. to instruct

• Tell others how to put new ideas into practice;

• Explain how a new system will operate;

3. to influence

• Sell your ideas and persuade the reader or the audience to make a decision;

• Recommend a course of action;

• Reveal the benefits of the start up of a new project;

4. to interpret

• Assess a situation;

• Draw up conclusions;

• Analyze the performance of the company;

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5. to interest

• Use the presentation to appeal to a wide audience;

• Summarize the findings.

The typical structure of a written report is as follows: Preliminary Sections Preface or Foreword

The research process aims at facts and other information discovering and interpretation. The purpose of a research prose is to analyze and interpret information while making valid conclusions based upon the research.

The scientific writing style is called expository writing — that is, it explains and clarifies information. The reliability of sources and the careful documentation is important, but its effectiveness depends on how well ideas are communicated. While writing, you should avoid excessive technical detail or jargon. When you are writing a research paper, a report, abstracts, it is as if you are having a conversation with your reader.

II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. For whom do people make reports?

2. Name the types of reports.

3. What are the five main purposes of writing reports?

4. What is the typical structure of a report?

5. How can the reports be illustrated?

6. What is characteristic for scientific style?

7. How do most colleges and universities consider the style for writing papers?

Комментарий

111. Запомните эти слова и составьте с ними предложения.

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IV. Запомните толкование этих слов на английском языке.

Практика

VI. Приведите в соответствие термины из левой колонки с их толкованием из правой колонки.