Subsidiary variants of the English vowel phonemes

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Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of them may occur in initial position»

In initial position the vowel is more or less free from the influence of the next consonant phoneme.

Vowels may be nasalized, (a) more — if they precede the'nasal sound and (b) less — when they follow it.

Allophonic differences in the vowel system are mostly in quantity, or length. The quantity of vowels depends on the following factors:

1. position of a vowel in a word: (1) free; (2) terminated by a
■ voiced, or a voiceless consonant;

4. there are extralinguistic factors that may affect the length of
■ vowels. They are connected with emotional characteristics. For exam
ple, if we compare similar vowels in the following sentences we may
«observe quantitative dependence of vowels on the emotional colour
ing.

The 'Man o?»Property, by iJohn ₄Gabworthy (title) " A " Forsyte, " reiplied iyoung, Jolyon, " is 'not an uncommon animal..."

Connection of a vowel with word stress is another characteristic ifeature, peculiar to the English language. A vowel in unstressed position may change not only its quantity but it undergoes qualitative -changes, which may result not only in its reduction but in the occurrence of the neutral vowel /э/.

It should be borne in mind that unstressed vowels in English jnay preserve their quantity. They may be fully long: emission, /k'mifn/, orchestral /о: 'kestrel/, etc.

This is never the case with the Russian language, where all unstressed vowels are reduced, according to their position in the word.

For example, the Russian /a, o/ are reduced to /л/ in the first jpretonic syllable and to /ъ/ in other unaccented syllables: с/л/сна, д/л/ры, гол/ъ/ву, стор/ъ/ну, з/ъ/ горой.

The Russian /e/ is pronounced as /ы^г/ after /ж, ш/ in the first pretonic syllable: ж/ы^е/на, ж/ы^е/вать. In other pretonic syllables, /e/ is pronounced as /ъ/: ж/ъ/лтизна.

The Russian /a/ is pronounced as /н^е/ after the soft /ч, ш/ in •the first pretpnic syllable: ч/и^е/сы.

The Russian /e/ is pronounced as /э/ after soft consonants in posttonic position: вын/э/су, оч/э/редь.

The quality oE English vowels of full formation is very stable and definite < /i: / and /u: / are exceptions).

Articmatory differences of vowel phonemes depend on (1) the place ■ of articulation of the adjacent consonant and on (2) the active organ of speech of the adjacent consonant,

" Contextual" and Idiolectal Variants of English Voxels.ar.d Monophthongs in Terms of CV, VC Relations

The phoneme /k/ may occur in initial and in terminal positions: epoch /ii: puk/, tea /ti: /.

post-alveolar, cacuminal: read lingual, medio-Hngual: yield lingual, backlingual: key pharyngal (glottal): he

It may be diphthongized in open syllables and before lenis and nasal consonants, See above.

RP speakers try to avoid any glide in /i; / pronunciation as " vulgar". Wide diphthongs are typical of Cockney, Birmingham, Southern USA and other low prestige dialects.

The phoneme /i/ occurs in initial and in terminal position». It never occurs finally in a stressed open syllable: enough д1плг/_г pity /< piti/.

hi varies with /э/ in unstressed syllables, e. g. helpless, remove. In words with prefixes pre, de, re III is, pronounced, if the prefix i& used to convert a word into a new form, e. g. modify — premcdify_Ycontaminate — decontaminate, /э/ instead of /i/ tends to be the dominant form, see the latest edition of the English pronouncing dictionary,

Final /i/ in modern RP is considerably closer. In Yorkshire and Lancashire a very open vowel, almost like /e/ is found finally, e. g. Ялпе/. /i/ is centralized and lowered before dark lit, e. g. still, silk.

In modern RP /i/ is lower and more centralized than in more old-fashioned speech.

/e/ is lowered and centralized before dark [II, e, g. tell, felt. Id is closer before velars, e. g. peg, peck.

/se/ is longer before Ienis and nasals in: bag, mad, man, sad, bad, that (the only example before a fortis).

In affected RP some speakers pronounce Ы with a following /a/ element — diphthongization.

The phoneme /a/ may occur in initial and in terminal positioni army /lami/, far /fa/,

The phoneme hi may occur in initial position but it never occurs in terminal position. The lip rounding is very slight.

The phoneme /o: / may occur in initial and in terminal position: orbit /b: bit/, saw /so: /.

Some speakers pronounce /ээ/ in words with ore, e.g. sore /sds/. It is heard in old-fashioned RP and prevails in dialects.

p: l may be pronounced instead of /иэ/ in: sure /Jo: /, you're /jo: /, poor /po.7. More open varieties of [oil characterize old-fashioned Beech.

The phoneme /л/ occurs in initial position, but it never occurs terminally. It is the shortest of the checked vowels.

The phoneme /u/ occurs initially only in proper names of foreign origin, e.g. Uruguay..

The phoneme /Ü: / may occur in initial and in terminal position: ooze /u: z/, undo /'An'du: /,

/u: / may be diphthongized in open syllables and before lenis or nasal consonants. It is a stable vowel before fortis. Similarly to I'vJ diphthongization /u: / with a glide is considered " vulgar". All speakers pronounce /u/ with a very wide glide after 1)1, e.g. use, new. It is stable after [1].

The /з: / phoneme occurs in initial and in terminal position: early /ia: h/, fur /fa: /, further /^з: бэ/, refer /rife: /.

The /э/ phoneme occurs in Initial and terminal position: about /31baut/, sofa /Iseufa/.

hi has two distinct allophones: 1) a closer one before velars, e.g. again; 2) an opener allophone in final position, similar to /л/, e.g. doctor, china, bitter, see above.

Idiolectal variations are connected with the degree of openness in terminal positions.

1. What is the basis for vowel allophonic differences? 2, In what position are vowels free from the influence of other sounds? 3. What vowel distributional characteristics are affected in a greater degree: qualitative or quantitative? 4. In what way are vowels influenced by neighbouring nasal consonants? 5. What are the factors that may affect vowel quantitative characteristics? 6. What is " positional length" of the vowels? 7. How is vowel quantity connected with accent?

10. How do extralingu ist ic factors affect thelength < > f vowels? 11. What
is the difference between the English and the Russian unstressed vow
els in terras of their qualitative characteristics? 12, How do adja
cent consonants affect vowels? Which classificatory characteristics
of consonants are the most important in this respect?

*1. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional characteristics of the /i: / phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

(a) we, fever, theme, sea, deal, cheeks, reaches, yield, he, meals,
me, needn't;

(b) grebe, leave, sheath, breathe, eat, feel, leash, each, beak,
league, seem, spleen

*2, Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional characteristics of the kl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

3. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional characteristics of the /e/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b) follow it.

4. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac
teristics of the /je/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

5. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character
istics of the /< l7 phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b)
follow it.

6. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac
teristics of the Inl phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

7. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character
istics of the h: l phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and (b)
follow it.

(a) war, more, vortex, thorn, saw, law, nor, chore, jaw, raw, your,
core, gore, horn;

8. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac
teristics of the /л/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

(a) worry, much, vulgar, thunder, thus, luck, nut, just, rub", young,
gutter, hut;

9. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac
teristics of the /u/ phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and

10. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character
istics of the laii phoneme. Define the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

11. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional character
istics of the /э: / phoneme. Deline the consonants which (a) precede and
(b) follow it.

. (a) were, murky, virgin, thirst, lurch, nurse, Rö ntgen, church journey, year, girl, her;

(b) kerb, worm, serve, mirth, earl, burn, urge, quirk, burg 12. Transcribe these words. Use them to illustrate the distributional charac-

fa) maroon, vocation, Thalia, lagoon, narrate, racoon, Japan, galloon, habitual;

•I. Describe thOHophonic differences of the vowel phonemes Ik, i, e, аг, в, л,

easily, sea, we, meals, cheaper, tree, fever, sleet, speaker, he, teach, keep, sheep

5^eI5'«i^edl ^ten> ^ад¹⁽¹' ^pence' ^weather> eleven, anyway, them, very, d, debt

n_OTT4^pl£ ⁿ! ^sad', ^ехаЯ¹' ^natural. imagine, shallow, strand, channel, Jack, hats, pal, cab