Главная страница Случайная страница
Разделы сайта
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
HAND OUT №107
|
|
Discipline: English as a foreign language Credits: 2
Upper-intermediate level Practical lesson
Lexical theme: Words borrowed from other languages.
Grammatical theme: Relative clauses.
Teacher: associate professor Adilbayeva U.B.
GRAMMAR COMMENT[5, p.18]
| Relative clauses. Look at this example sentence: The woman who lives next (relative clause) door is a doctor. A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means: * The woman who lives next door... ('who lives next door' tells us which woman) * People who live in London... ('who live in London' tells us what kind of people) We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things). We use who instead of he/she/they: * An architect is someone who designs buildings. * What was the name of the man who lent you the money? * Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday. You can also use that (instead of who): * The man that lives next door is very friendly. But sometimes you must use who (not 'that') for people. B. When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not 'who') in a relative clause: where is the cheese? - it was in the fridge -> Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? -> Where is the cheese which was in the fridge? What = 'the thing(s) that'; * What happened was my fault. (=the thing that happened) D. Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which instead of he/she/they/it. So we say: * Do you know the woman who lives next door? (not '...the woman she lives next door') |
In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.
he/she designs buildings
he/she steals from a shop
he/she doesn't believe in God
he/she buys something from a shop
he/she breaks into a house to steal things
he/she no longer works and gets money from the state
Example/: (an architect) An architect is someone who designs buildings.
1. (a burglar) A burglar is someone...
2. (a customer) …
3. (a shoplifter) …
4. (an atheist)...
5. (a pensioner)...
Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.
1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
_The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital._
2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.
The man...
3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
The...
4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
...
5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
The...
Exercise 1. Read the text and translate the 2 nd paragraph [5].
Words borrowed from other languages and the meaning of Tingo 
Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language. A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. " Loan" and " borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no " returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one these words originated in.
Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community.
Jacot de Boinod’s book is not only amusing, but, he claims, shows that way in which a language is inextricably linked to the culture in which it is spoken. Is it really true, then, that in Germany there are a lot of people who have faces which other people want to punch? Or that Japan has more than its share of ofbakku-shan? The reader may not at first be convinced by this, but when you read that Hawaiians have 108 words for sweetpotato, 65 for fishing nets and 47 for banana (simply because in Hawaii there are indeed 108 different kinds of sweet potato, 65 fishing nets and 47 different types of banana), it makes more sense. Albanians are famous for their moustaches – and indeed the Albanian language contains 27 different words for “moustache” - madh, for example, is a bushy moustache, posht is a moustache hanging down at the ends while a fshes is a long moustache with short hairs. People from Holland and Belgium appear to be more fun-loving.
So, what exactly does “tingo” mean then? Well, to find that out, you’ll just have to find the book. No, not really! It's from the Pascuense language of Easter Island, meaning " to borrow objects from a friend's house, one by one, until there's nothing left".
|
|