Focus on writing.

I. A letter to a pen friend:

1. Put your address in the top right - hand corner (but not your name)

2. Write the date below.

3. Letters always begin with Dear…

4. Answer the questions: Who are you? Where were you born? Where do you live? What do your family do? How old are you? What do you do every day? Why are you learning English? What do you like doing in your free time? What did you do last summer?

5. Finish the letter with Best wishes or Regards.

6. Sign your name

Note: If you have forgotten smth. add it with PS at the end. YOU may use
commas, contractions.

II. A formal letter/e- mail:

1. Put your address in the top right - hand comer (not your name)

2. Put the name and address of the person you are writing to on the left, above the greeting.

3. Write the date under your address.

4. Make sure you begin with Dear..., and use a formal ending Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely.

5. Always write ‘I look forward to hearing from you’, before the ending.

6. Sign your name.

7. Write your name in capital letters under the signature.

8. Use formal language (Could you...? I would be grateful if you could...etc.).

9. Divide your letter at least into three paragraphs.

a. Say why you are writing.

b. Talk about your qualifications and why you want the job.

c. Talk about your experience.

d. Ask some questions if you want.

Note: Don't use contractions in formal letters.

III. Writing an interview:

1. Write an introductory paragraph by briefly describing where the interview took place and describe the person.

2. Write the questions first. Four or five will probably be enough. Try to make them lead on from each other. Make the last question smth. about future.

IV. Writing a biography:

1. Write at least three paragraphs, one for the birth and early years, one or two for the middle years, and one for the last years.

2. Link events, with time expressions (immediately after, then, later, etc.).

3. Use narrative tenses. If a person you are writing about is still alive, you may want to use Since + Pr. perfect in the last paragraph.

4. Be careful with prepositions of time.

V. Writing a story:

1. Always invent a plot before you start writing.

2. Divide your story into three parts^

a. Opening paragraph – set the scene, describe the situation.

b. Body of the story – two or three paragraphs.

c. Closing paragraph – how the story ends, what happens to the characters.

3. Try to use a mixture of narrative tenses (past simple, past continuous, past perfect).

4. Use time expressions to link events (when, at that moment, suddenly, immediately, later, etc).

5. Use adverbs (desperately, fortunately, etc.) to make your story more vivid.

VI. Writing an opinion composition:

1. Plan four or five paragraphs: an introduction (e.g. what the situation is in your country), the main reason why you agree/ disagree, and a conclusion (a summary of your opinion).

2. List your reasons ('for' or 'against') before you start writing. Two or three reasons are enough.

3. Start paragraph 2 with your main reason (Firstly...)

Use a linker (beside, what is more) to add a related reason. Use Secondly and Finally to introduce your
other arguments in new paragraphs.

4. Back up your reasons with clear examples.

5. Use a formal style (don't use contractions, or very; colloquial expressions).

6. Use connectors to link you ideas.

1) Having listened a track or a video one time it is necessary to write down new unknown legal terms;

2) Listening the track and the video again in order to understand the information properly;

3) Using a transcript if 30% of the information heard was incomprehensible.

Студенттердің оқ у ү лгерімдерін бақ ылау жә не бағ а қ ою бойынша материалдар.