Conversion

Conversion is such a phenomena in modern English, when two or more words belong to different part of speech and posses the same form (to smile-a smile, fall-to fall). Conversion may be the result of shading of English endings. This shedding has made it possible to use a great many words in functions of different part of speech without any change of the form. The historical changes may be briefly outlined as follows: in O.E. a verb and a noun of the same root were distinguished by their endings.

For ex: the verb ‘to love’ had a form (o.e.) ‘lufian’. This verb had personal conjunctions. The noun ‘love’ had the form ‘lufu’ with different case endings. But in the course of time, the personal and case endings were lost. Then there were some changes with vowels. A in 17 century (great vowel shift) and as a result of such historical changes we have 1 form for a noun and for a verb.
One should guard against thinking that every case of noun and verb (verb and adjective, adjective and noun, etc.) with the same morphemic shape results from conversion. There are numerous pairs of words (e. g. love, n. — to love, v.; work, n. — to work, v.; drink, n. — to drink, v., etc.) which did, not occur due to conversion but coincided as a result of certain historical processes (dropping of endings, simplification of stems) when before that they had different forms (e. g. O. E. lufu, n. — lufian, v.). On the other hand, it is quite true that the first cases of conversion (which were registered in the 14th c.) imitated such pairs of words as love, n. — to love, v. for they were numerous in the vocabulary and were subconsciously accepted by native speakers as one of the typical language patterns.
The two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion are nouns and verbs. Verbs made from nouns are the most numerous amongst the words produced by conversion: e. g. to hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth, to nose, to dog, to wolf, to monkey, to can, to coal, to stage, to screen, to room, to floor, to blackmail, to blacklist, to honeymoon, and very many others.
Nouns are frequently made from verbs: do (e. g. This is the queerest do I''ve ever come across. Do — event, incident), go (e. g. He has still plenty of go at his age. Go — energy), make, run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry, show, move, etc.
Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough (e. g. We decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm), etc.
Other parts of speech are not entirely unsusceptible to conversion as the following examples show: to down, to out (as in a newspaper heading Diplomatist Outed from Budapest), the ups and downs, the ins and outs, like, n, (as in the like of me and the like of you).

5) EVALUATE THE PROBLEMS OF TERMS. The term (from the Latin. Terminus - limit, border) - a word or phrase that is the title of a concept of some fields of science, technology, art and so on.

The terms are specialized, restrictive designations specific to this sphere of objects, phenomena, their properties and relations. In contrast to the common vocabulary words that are often ambiguous and bear the emotional, the terms within the scope of unambiguous and devoid of expression.

There is a movement to a qualitatively new understanding of literary concepts that can reveal the essence of the processes taking place in the literature. Highlights several important issues:

1. It should be an exemption from the established dogmas and outdated literary concepts (for example, the term " Party Literature"). Redefining the meaning and significance of a number of known terms (for example, the concept of " socialist realism").

2. The need for the international terms and their entry into the national literary or being in the native language of literary concepts equivalent to internationally accepted, international terms.

3. It should be in the occurrence of many new literary concepts and terms.