From the history of the radio

1. New methods of detecting radio waves were invented in England, France, Russia and Italy, but the first practical use of the discovery was made by A.S. Popov and G. Marcony.

2. A. Popov, the great Russian scientist, was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Petersburg University (1883), he had already had a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as* ^9.1.2 a wide experience in that field.* ^11.9

3. Popov was one of the first to pay attention** ^{7.1.2.1, 10.1} to the works of Hertz who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves. After many experiments Popov carried out together with his assistant Rybkin, the device they constructed *^9.3.2started receiving electromagnetic waves at a distance.

By means *^11.12 of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of several meters and then several kilometers. While making experiments, *^7.3.2.1 the scientist discovered that when a wire was connected to the receiver, the range of operation *^11.8 increased. After that he connected his first receiver to the first antenna.

4. On April 25, 1895, Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physic-Chemical Society. Popov expressed hope that the device, after being perfected, would make it*^4.1possible to transmit signals at a distance by means of rapid electrical oscillations. In summer 1895, Popov´ s invention was successfully tested and in the same year he attached to the device an apparatus used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph. In the following year this receiver was used at an electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod.

5. In 1897, Popov successfully carried out his experiments at sea, having succeeded in effecting* ^11.8 radio communication between the shore and the sea at a distance of 3 km. *^7.3.2.2 In those days the future wireless* ^1.3communication between the continents was being founded.

6. The year of 1898 saw a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Rybkin and Troitsky - the reception of signals by means of a receiver. Successful experiments having been completed, *^8.4 serious practical testing was started. In those days Popov´ s radio telegraph helped to save the ship «General-Admiral Apraksin».

X. Письменно озаглавьте 4 и 6-й абзацы текста.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание различные функции слов it, that (those), one (см. грамм. справ.: 4.1, 4.4, 4.3, а также ссылки после *).

1. It is necessary to reduce the load in the battery to a minimum.

2. It was in 1896 that Popov transmitted the first radiogram.

3. The biggest* ^3.1 difficulty in designing* ^{7.2.2, 11.8} optical computers is that of miniaturization.

4. One should be careful when working* ^7.3.2.1 with chemical substances.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определительных блоков существительного с левым или правым определениями (см. грамм. справ.: 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. The problem of antenna design *^11.8is one of the most important problems in radio engineering.

2. Isotope power sources have some limitations.

3. The scales in common use today are the Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Centigrade.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5., 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.6, 11.13, а также ссылки после *).

1. Advances in microelectronic components led to the development of smaller *^3.1computers.

2. By the end of the nineteenth century the method of making*^7.2.2 rockets had greatly developed.

3. These questions were answered in series of investigations.

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык (см. грамм. справ.: 5.6, 5.6.1, 5.6.3.2, а также ссылки после *).

1. A rheostat is a resistor whose resistance may be varied.

2. The output power should be made as high as possible.

3. Transistor oscillations can be used for the same purposes as vacuum tubes.

4. The cathode-ray tube enabled scientists to control *^11.8. electrons.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to be (см. грамм. справ. 6, 6.1, 6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. The next advantage is that there is no external electric field in the system.

2. The purpose of the detector in a receiver is to remove the desired communication from the carrier.

3. We are to finish with the experiments in two months at the most.* ^3.2

4. Electronics was being used more and more to control industrial processes.

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая различные функции глагола to have (см. грамм. справ.: 6, 6.1, 6.3, 5.6.3, 5.6.3.1, 5.5.1, а также ссылки после *).

1. Ambient light has a very little effect upon communication link.Many years had passed before *^{9.2 (1)}Faraday´ s discovery of induction found practical application.

2. Investigating the nature of lightning Lomonosov had to risk his life.

3. Several attempts have been made to produce artificial rain.

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов и многозначность некоторых служебных слов (см. грамм. справ.: 3.5, 9.1.2, 9.2, 11.6, 11.7, а также ссылки после *).

1. The longer and thinner a piece of wire the greater will be its resistance.

2. Ordinarily, single-phase motors are not self-starting, since the single-phase field does not revolve as does *^4.2.3.the three-phase.

3. The energy which an object has because of its motion is called kinetic energy.

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод устойчивых словосочетаний (см. грамм. справ.: 10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.12).

1. We must take into consideration the amount of force applied.

2. In order to fit the power law model to data, it is necessary to estimate values for α and β.

IX. Прочтите и устно переведите текст, затем письменно переведите 1, 2 3 и 4-й абзацы текста.