Subject Index

absolute and relative generalisation 77; 79; 81

absolute construction 112; 114; 180; 348-350

actional and statal verbs: see verb subclasses

active (verb-form) 177-179

actual division of the sentence 243-250; 256-262; 305

address 269

adjective 38; 41; 203-220; comparison of a. 213-219; subclasses: evaluative, specificative a. 206-207; qualitative, relative a. 205-207

adjectivid 213

adjunct-word 232

adverb 39; 220-229; comparison of a. 227-228; subclasses: functional 226-227; structural 223-226; a. in -ly 228-229

adverbial clause 321-328; subtypes: circumstantial cl. 325-327; localisation cl. 322-323; parenthetical cl. 327-328; qualification cl. 323-325

adverbial complication 347-350

adverbial modifier 98; 101; 235; 269

adverbid 223

agreement (concord) between subject and predicate 135-136; 232-233

agreement in sense (notional concord) 135-136

" allo-emic" theory 22-24

allo- term 22

analytical case 65

analytical form 34-35; 85; 107; 214-219

anaphoric connection: see retrospective connection

appositive clause 318-321

appurtenance 69

article 40; 74-85; identification 74-75; definite a. 76; indefinite a. 76-77; functions 76-83; a. with proper nouns 84; a. determination paradigm 85

artificial utterances 8

aspect 108; 155-176; 182

a-stative prefix 211

aspective meaning 94

asyndetic connection 231; 298-300; 335-337

attribute 235; 269; contact noun a. 50-51; descriptive, limiting a. 80

attributive clause 317-321

attributive complication 345-347

autosemantic and synsemantic elements 229

auxiliary 25; 34; 85; 89

axes of sentence 274-278

be going + Infinitive 151-152 broad-meaning word 48

case 62-74

cataphoric connection: see prospective connection

classes of words: syntactic cl. of w. 42-45

clausalisation 283-284

clause 289-290

cohesion of text 363

combinability: с of noun 50-51; с of verb 97-102; с of infinitive 105-106; с of gerund 109-110; с of pres. participle

111-112; с. of past participle 112-113; с. of adjective 204-205; c. of adverb 221-222

communicative direction 363

communicative purpose 251-255

communicative sentence types 251-268; cardinal с s. t. 251-252; intermediary с s. t. 262-268

complement 98-99

complementive and supplementive verbs: see verb subclasses

completive connection: objective с. с. 233-235; qualifying с. с. 235

completivity 99-101

complex balance 314

complex object 106; 112; 113-114; 281; 343-345

complex sentence 303-332

complex subject 106; 112; 114; 342-343; 345

composite sentence 288-302; 303-361

compound sentence 332-340

concise composition 301-302

conditional mood: see subjunctive mood

conjugation 37

conjunction 40; 41; 45; 231; see also syndetic connection

conjunctive cumulation 366

connective 41-42

consective mood: see subjunctive mood

constant feature category 36; 59

constituent parts of language 6

constructional system of syntactic paradigmatics 283-285

contact noun attribute: see attribute

continuous (verb-form) 155-156; 158-164

continuum 19; 119

conversion 87; 120; 212-213; 224

co-occurrence 23

coordinative connection of clauses 296-298; 332-340; marked, unmarked с. с. 336-337; open, closed с. с. 339-340

coordinative connection of sentence constituents 270-271; 352-353

coordinators 335

corpus 23

correlative cumulation 366-367 countable, uncountable nouns 59-

cumulation 16; 231; 300-301; 363-367

cumuleme 364; 367-371;

cumuleme-sentence 372; factual, modal, mixed c. 369

declarative sentence 251; 256-257 declension 37
deep structure 281; 340
degrees of comparison: of adjectives 213-219; of adverbs 227 deixis (deictic function) 39; 47; 129-130
deletion in transformations: see transformational procedures derivation history 280
derivational perspective 46
descriptions of language 6-7
descriptive attribute: see attribute

determiner 74-75; 83-84; 85
development (category of) 108;

158; 158-166; 176
diachrony: see synchrony and diachrony

dialogue speech 363-365
differential features 28-31 distributional analysis 23-24 distribution: complementary, contrastive, non-contrastive d. 23-24

do-auxiliary 164-166
domination (dominational connection) 232-235; reciprocal d. 232-233 double predicate 92; 342-343

edited speech 291
elative superlative 215-218 elementary sentence 273-274 elliptical article construction 77 elliptical sentence 274-278
eme- term22
environment 23-24
equipollent opposition 29; 30

equipotent connection 230-231 exclamatory sentence 254-255; 362 exfixation 26

expanded and unexpanded sentence 273-274 extreme quality 220

finitude (category of) 88; 104; 137 fluctuant conversive 224 for-to infinitive phrase 106 functional expansion in transformations; see transformational procedures

functional sentence perspective: see actual division of the sentence functional words 39-40; 44-45; 47;

future tense 128; 143-154 futurity option (category of) 150

gender 53-62; formal g. 56 genitive case 62-64; 66-68; 69-72; g. of adverbial 71; g. of agent 70; g. of author 70; g. of comparison 71; g. of destination 71; g. of dispensed qualification 71; g. of integer 70rg. of patient 71; g. of possessor 69; g. of quantity 72; g. of received qualification 70

gerund 108-110; 116-123; 175 gerundial participle 122
gradual opposition 29
grammatical category 27-31; 35-

37; 156-158

grammatical form 27-31
grammatical idiomatism 34-35
grammatical meaning 27
grammatical morphemes 21 grammatical opposition 28; 29-

32; 35

grammatical repetition 35
grammatical suffixation: see outer inflexion

hybrid categorial formation 36-37 hypotaxis 294-296
immanent category 35-36
immediate constituents 269-271
imperative (verb-form) 188-189 imperative mood 188-189; 190-

191 imperative sentence: see inducive

sentence imperfect (verb-form) 156-157; 166; 173-174

incorrect utterances 8-9 indefinite (verb-form) 155; 172;

marked i. 166

inducive sentence 257-259

infinitive 89; 105-108; 115-118; 161-162; 175; 179-180; marked, unmarked i. 107 infixation 26; 33

inflexion 21; inner, outer i. 33-34 informative purpose 363 informative sentence perspective

ing-form problem 119 insert sentence 303; 342 interjection 40 intermediary phenomena 19; 36-

37; 302

interrogative sentence 259-261 inter-sentential connection 361-

363 intonational arrangement in

transformations: see transformational procedures inversive sentence 323

junctional form 134

kernel element: see head-word kernel sentence 280-281

half-gerund 118-123
head-word (kernel element) 232 hierarchy of levels 14
homonymy 11; 24

language: definition 6 language and speech 11-12 larger syntax 15 leading clause 335 leading sentence 367 let +Infinitive 190-191

letter 14

level of constructions 18

levels of language 14-17

lexemic level 15

lexical morphemes 21

lexical paradigm of nomination

45-47

lexicalisation of plural 58 lexico-grammatical category 38 limited case 66

limiting attribute: see attribute limitive and unlimitive verbs 95-

97; 113; 155; 162-164; 173-174;

linear expansion 342 " linguistic sentence" 239 link-verb 91; 100 logical accent 249-250

macrosystem (supersystem) 11 marked (strong, positive) member

28; 30; 32 matrix sentence 303 may / might +Infinitive 190
meaningful functions of grammar

meaningful gender 56-57
medial voice 180-183 members of sentence: see axes of

sentence

microsystem (subsystem) 11
middle voice meaning 183
modal representation (category of)

117 modal verb 89-90; 126; 127; 161;

modal word 40 modality 239

modifier hierarchy 269-270 monologue speech 363-365
monolithic and segregative complex sentences 328-331
mononomination 15 monopredicative sentence 268 mood (category of) 185-203
morph 23

morpheme 15; 17-26
morpheme types: additive, replacive m. 25-26; continuous, discontinuous m. 26; free, bound m. 24; overt, covert m. 25; root, affixal m. 21; segmental, supra-segmental m. 25

morphemic composition of the

word 22

morphemic distribution 23-24 morphemic level 15 morphemic structure 17-26 morphological arrangement in transformations: see transformational procedures morphology 17

names 42; 49

native form 134

neutralisation 32; 54; 95-96; 117; 121; 127; 136; 150; 153-154; 162-164; 173-175; 183; 184; 192; 203

nominalisation 222-223; 233; 235-236; 241-242; complete, partial n. 284

nominal phrase complication 350

nominative aspect of the sentence 240-243

nominative case 73

nominative correlation 19; 20

nominative division of the sentence 243

nominative meaning 15; complete, incomplete n. m. 39

noncommunicative utterances 253

non-contrastive distribution 23-24

non-finite verb 87; see also verbids

non-terms 30

notional link-verbs 92

noun 38; 40; 49-85; general characteristics 49-53; subclasses 52-53; categories 53-85

noun+noun combination 50-51

number (category of): number of noun 57-62; number of verb 128-136

numeral 39

object 50; 98-100; 234-235; 269

object clause 314-316

object sharing 343-346

objective and subjective verbs: see verb subclasses

objective case 73

objective connection: see completive connection

obligatory sentence parts: 272-274

obligatory valency 98

oblique and direct mood meaning 186

occurseme 364

occursive connection 363-365

one-axis sentence 274-277

opposition 27-33; 54; 57; 81-83; 140-141; 143-145; 156-157; 158; 166; 177

oppositional reduction (substitution) 31-32; 59; 60; 61-62; 95-96; see also neutralisation; transposition

optional sentence parts 272-273

optional valency 98

organisational function of verb 97

paradigm 13; 28; p. of nomination

46-47

paradigmatic relations 13-14 paradigmatic syntax 47; 278-279 paragraph 292; 369-370 parataxis 295-296 parcellation 371 parenthesis 269

parenthetical clause 30.1; 327-328 parsing of sentence 269-270 participle past (participle II) 112-115; 180
participle present (participle I) 111-112; 118-123; 162; 174
particle 40; 68 particle case 68; 74 parts of speech 37-42; criteria of

identification 37 parts of the sentence 269-272 passive (verb-form) 178-180; p. of action, of state 183-185
passivised and non-passivised

verbs: see verb subclasses past tense 142 peak of informative perspective 244

perfect (verb-form) 156; 166-176 perfect continuous (verb-form)

170; 172-173

person (category of) 125-137 personal pronouns 72-74 phatic function 306 phoneme 14 phonemic distribution 23

phonemic interchange 26

phonemic level 14

phonological opposition 28-29

phrasalisation 284

phrase: stable, free ph. 15; notional, formative ph. 229-230

phrase genitive 66-68

phrasemic level 15

plane of content 10; 29

plane of expression 10; 29

pleni- and semi-constructions 341

pleni-compounding: see semi-compounding

plural: absolute, common pl. 60-62; descriptive pl. 62; discrete pl., pl. of measure 58: multitude pl. 61; repetition pl. 62; set pl. 61

pluralia tantum 59

polar phenomena 19-20

polynomination 15

polypredication 289

polypredicative sentence 268; 289

polysemy 10-11

positional arrangement in transformations: see transformational procedures

positional case 64

positional classes 43-44

possessive postposition 66-67

postpositive 224-225

predicate 232-233; 269

predication 15-16; 86; 231-233; 237; 239-240; 242; 250

predicative aspect of the sentence 240-243

predicative clause 313-314

predicative connection 232-233

predicative functions 285-288

predicative line 268, 288

predicative load 287-288

predicative system of syntactic paradigmatics 283; 285-288

predicative zeroing 325

predicator verbs 89-92

prefix 21

preposition 40; 41; 45; 65; 69

prepositional case 65

prescriptive approach 7-8

present tense 141-143

primary sentence 285

primary syntactic system 285-288

primary time (tense) 140-143

principal clause 304-306; merger, non-merger pr. cl. 305

printed text 291 privative opposition 28-31 processual representation (category of) 117; 118 pronominal case 73-74 pronoun 39; 47-48; 72-74 proposeme 15 proposemic level 15 prospective connection 365-366 purpose of grammar 7-10

qualifying connection: see completive connection

qualitative adverbs 226-227

quantifiers 59; 60

quantitative adverbs 226-227

question: pronominal q. 259-260; alternative q. 260-261

reciprocal voice meaning 181 reduction: thematic r. 250 reflective category 36; 126 reflexive voice meaning 180-182 re-formulation of oppositions 29 relative generalisation: see absolute and relative generalisation repetition plural: see plural replacive morpheme: see morpheme types

representative correlation 367 representative role of pronouns 48 retrospective connection 365-366 retrospective coordination (category of) 108; 110; 156; 166-176; 192; 194-195

reverse comparison 218-219 rheme 79; 244
rhetorical question 264-265
rules of grammar 7-10

scripted speech 293-294

secondary (potential) predication 87; 104

segmental morpheme: see morpheme types

segmental units 14

segregative complex sentences: see monolythic and segregative complex sentences

selectional combinability 52

seme (semantic feature) 30; 59

semi-bound morpheme 25

semi-clause 342

semi-complex sentence 340-351; identification 340-341

semi-composite sentence 268; 301-302; 340-361

semi-compound sentence 351-361; identification 351-353

semi-compounding: marked, unmarked s.-c. 354; homosyndetic, heterosyndetic s.-c. 358-359; vs pleni-compounding 360-361

semi-predication 104; 106; 109-110; 112; 114; 233

sentence (definition) 236

sentence length 290-293

sentence sequence 362-363

sequence of tenses 154-155

sequential clause 335

sequential sentence 367

set plural: see plural

sex indicators 55-56

should + Infinitive 190

sign 11; 12; 14

signeme 14

significative meaning 15

simple sentence 268-288; identification 268-269; parts of s. s. 269-272: structural types of s. s. 274-277; semantic types of s. s. 278

singular: absolute, common s. 59-60

singularia tantum 59

situation-determinant 221

smaller syntax 15

specifiers of names 49

spective mood: see subjunctive mood

speech: see language and speech

split infinitive 107

statal verbs: see verb subclasses

stative 41; 207-212

stem 21; 87

stipulative mood: see subjunctive mood

structural meaning 44

subcategorisation 40-41

subclass migration of verbs 102

sub-conjunctives 355

subject 50; 98; 132-136; 232-233;

subject clause 311-313 subject sharing 342-343 subjunctive mood (verb-form): spective m. 187-190; modal spective (considerative, desiderative, imperative) m. 190-193; conditional (stipulative, consective) m. 193-200 subordinate clauses 303; 306-332; classification 306-311; cl. of primary nominal positions 312-316; cl. of secondary nominal positions 317-321; cl. of adverbial positions 321-328 subordination: s. of sentence constituents 269-271; s. of clauses 296-298; obligatory, optional s. 328-331; parallel, consecutive s. 331-332

subordination perspective 332 subordination ranks 269-270 subordinates 309-311 substantivisation 49; 212-213 substitute 49; 73 substitution in transformations: see transformational procedures substitution testing 43-44; 76 substitutional correlation 367 substitutional function 47-48 suffix 21

superposition 256; 259; 260 supplement 98 suppletivity 26; 33; 46-47; 60; 61;

74; 85; 90; 127; 153 supra-cumulation 372-373 supra-proposemic level 16 supra-segmental units 14; 25 supra-sentential construction 16; 363

surface structure 281; 340 syllable 14 synchronic system 11 synchrony and diachrony 11 syndetic connection 231; 298-300;

336-337; 354-359 synoriymy 11

synsemantic elements: see autosemantic and synsemantic elements

syntactic classes of words 42-45 syntactic derivation 279-281 syntactic paradigm of predicative functions 286

syntagma 12-13

syntagmatic connection 229-236

syntagmatic relations 12-13

syntax 17

synthetical form 32-34

system in language 11-14

systemic approach 11

temporality 137

tense 137-155; 158; 166; 168; 185

tense-retrospect shift 194-195

text 361-373

theme 79; 244

time: absolutive, relative t. 137-140; 144; 154-155
time coordination (category of) 156
time correlation (category of) 170

to -marker

topical elements of text 365
transform 279-280
transformation 279-284
transformational procedures 281-283
transformational relations 179; 279 transition in the actual division 244 transitive and intransitive verbs: see verb subclasses transitivity 99
transposition 32; 62; 67; 83; 84; 85; 142; 163; 318
two-axis sentence 274-277
two-base transformation 284

unexpanded sentence: see expanded and unexpanded sentence

unity of text 363

unmarked (weak, negative) member 28; 30

utterance: situation utterance, response utterance 253-254

valency: obligatory, optional v.

97-102; 273 274 valency partner 97-98 variable feature category 36; 59 verb 39; 40; 85-203

verb subclasses: actional, statal v. 92-94; complementive, supplementive v. 99-102; limitive, unlimitive v. 95-97; objective, subjective, transitive, intransitive v. 99-101; passivised, non-passivised v. 177; perfective, imperfective v. 96-97; personal, impersonal v. 100; v. of full nominative value 89; 92-102; v. of partial nominative value 89-92

verbids 88-89; 102-123

voice (category of) 108; 110; 176-185

voluntary and non-voluntary future 148-151

word 15; 17-22; definitions of

w. 18

word-morpheme 20; 107 word-sentence 236-237 written speech 293-294

zero article 77-80; 82 zeroing: see deletion; reduction zero morpheme 25; 34 zero-representation 133; see also elliptical sentence; reduction