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Present day Germanic languages: language list with a sample text
| Afrikaans | Afrikaans is a contemporary West Germanic language developed from seventeenth century Dutch in the Cape region. It is presently one of the eleven official languages of the Republic of South Africa. Number of speakers (1988): 10 million An example of Afrikaans (The Lord's Prayer): Ons Vader wat in die hemel is, laat u Naam geheilig word; laat u koninkryk kom; laat u wil ook op die aarde geskied, net soos in die hemel. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; en vergeef ons ons oortredings soos ons ook dié vergewe wat teen ons oortree; en laat ons nie in die versoeking kom nie maar verlos ons van die Bose. |
| Black English Vernacular, or African-American Vernacular English | Black English Vernacular (BEV), or African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), is a term used for the language spoken by US citizens of Black African background. It has its origins in the pidgins and creoles developed by Africans enslaved and brought to America from the 16th century onwards. Socially isolated from white communities, BEV continued to develop in distinctive ways even after the end of slavery and the migration of American Blacks from the agricultural South to cities in the industrial North in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| Dalska (Dalmå l) | Dalska is a distinct Swedish dialect. It is archaic in several respects, and it is incomprehensible to speakers of Standard Swedish. It is spoken by the inhabitants of Ä lvdalen, Orsa, Mora, Rä ttvik, Leksand and Gagnef counties around the lake Siljan, the north west part of Dalecarlia (Dalarna). The area had 72, 000 inhabitants in 1990, but only a minority master the genuine dialect. The dialect is not a homogeneous one, and it varies from village to village. Most distinctive are the dialects of Ä lvdalen. An example of the Dalska spoken in €lvdalen (The Lord's Prayer): Fader uor, du so ir i imblum. Mo namned dett werd elgad. Mo ritsjed dett kumŒ. Mo wila dai stsji nido juord'n, hlaisog uppi imblam. DsjŠ v uoss i dag brš d uott fer da'n Og felŒ t uoss skulder uorer, hlaisog wid am felŠ ted diem so irŒ stsjylduger uoss nod. Og stell it uoss fš r frestelsum, Œ tŒ redd uoss fro uonda. [Fer ritsjed ir dett og makte og Š rrligiete i ievigiet. Amen.] |
| Danish | Modern Danish is the contemporary descendent of Old Danish. It is the official language of Denmark. Number of Speakers (1988): 5 million An example of Danish (The Lord's Prayer): Vor Fader, du som er i Himlene! Helliget vorde dit navn; komme dit rige; ske din vilje på jorden, som den sker i Himmelen; giv os i dag vort daglige brø d; og forlad os vor skyld, som også vi forlader vore skyldnere; og led os ikke ind i fristelse; men fri os fra det onde; |
| Dutch-Flemish | Dutch or Flemish is the contemporary descendent of Middle Dutch. With slight differences, the same language is called Dutch in the Netherlands and Flemish in Belgium. It is one of the two official languages of the Netherlands and one of the three official languages of Belgium. Number of Speakers (1988): 21 million An example of Dutch (The Lord's Prayer): Onze Vader in de hemel, uw naam worde geheiligd, uw koninkrijk kome, uw wil geschiede, op aarde zoals in de hemel. Geef ons heden ons dagelijks brood en vergeef ons onze schulden zoals ook wij anderen hun schulden hebben vergeven, en stel ons niet op de proef maar verlos ons van de duivel. |
| English | Modern English is the contemporary descendent ofMiddle English. The intensive contact with French after the Norman conquest in the 11th century had a strong influence on the language, especially on the vocabulary. Number of speakers (1988): 431 million Some examples of New English (The Lord's Prayer): Our Father in Heaven, let your holy name be known, let your kingdom come, and your will be done, on earth as in heaven. Give us today the bread that we need, and forgive us our wrongs, as we forgive those who have done wrong to us. Do not lead us into trial, but save us from evil. |
| Faroese | Faroese is the mother tongue of almost all 50 000 inhabitants on the Faroe Islands. The Islands were first inhabited in the 8th century by people from Norway. When Denmark left Norway to Sweden in 1814, the Faroe Islands remained a part of the kingdom of Denmark. The language is known from mediaeval ballads, but a written language was first created in the 19th century. During the 20th century, Faroese has increasingly become the language of media and education in the Faroe Islands. |
| Frisian | Frisian is a contemporary West Germanic language spoken in the Netherlands and Germany. It is one of the two official languages of the Netherlands. From the earliest records of about 1300 until about 1575, Frisian is called Old Frisian. Subsequently, Frisian is referred to as New Frisian. Some Frisian scholars also identify a Middle Frisian period from about 1600 to about 1800. Frisian exists in three major divisions, each of which is subdivided into dialects. The two dialects of East Frisian have been largely replaced by dialects of New Low German, which are called East Frisian. North Frisian is divided into about ten dialects. Nearly all modern Frisian literature is in West Frisian, which has about six dialects. Number of Speakers (1988): TBS An example of Frisian (The Lord's Prayer): Us Heit yn 'e himel, lit jo namme hillige wurde, lit jo keninkryk komme, Lit jo wil dien wurde op ierde likegoed as yn 'e himel. Jou ú s hjoed ú s deistich brea en ferjou ú s ú s skulden sa't wy ú s skuldners ek ferjû n hawwe; en lit ú s net yn fersiking komme, mar ferlos ú s fan 'e kweade; [want jowes is it keninkryk en de krê ft en de hearlikheid oant yn ivichheid. Amen.] |
| Gutnish | Gutnish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language spoken on the island of Gotland. It is first attested in legal documents of the fourteenth century C. E. Many authorities would classify Gutnish as a dialect of Swedish. Number of Speakers (1988): roughly 50, 000 |
| Icelandic | Icelandic is the contemporary language of Iceland. It is a close descendent of Old Norse. Among the Germanic languages, Icelandic is the language that has preserved the greatest number of morphological features of its historical antecedent. Number of Speakers (1988): 250, 000 An example of Icelandic (The Lord's Prayer): Fa›ir vor, ß ú sem er á himnum. Helgist ß itt nafn, til komi ß itt rí ki, ver›i ß inn vilji, svo á jö r›u sem á himni. Gef oss í dag vort daglegt brau›. Fyrirgef oss vorar skuldir, svo sem vé r og fyrirgefum vorum skuldunautum. Og eigi lei› ß ú oss í freistni, heldur frelsa oss frá illu. [_ví a› ß itt er rí ki›, má tturinn og d‡r›in a› eilí fu amen.] |
| German | Modern High German is the contemporary descendent of Middle High German. It is an official language in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Number of speakers (1988): 118 million An example of High German (The Lord's Prayer): Vater unser im Himmel, Geheiligt werde dein Name. Dein Reich komme. Dein Wille geschehe, wie im Himmel so auf Erden. Unser tä gliches Brot gib uns heute. Und vergib uns unsere Schuld, wie auch wir vergeben unsern Schuldigern. Und fü hre uns nicht in Versuchung, sondern erlö se uns von dem Bö sen. |
| Low German (Plattdeutsch) | New (or Modern) Low German (Plattdeutsch) is the contemporary descendent of Middle Low German. It is spoken on the North German plain in Germany and the Netherlands. The name Low Saxon is preferred in the Netherlands. There are many extant dialects of Low German. Number of Speakers: 1.5 to 2.0 million An example of Low German (The Lord's Prayer): Unse Vader in'n Himmel! Mak din Nam herrli un hillig ock bi uns! Help du uns ock dorto, dat du gans unse Herr warst! Din Will schall dö rchstahn bi uns up de Eer grad so as bi di in'n Himmel! Giff uns vundag dat Brod, dat wi hü t nö di hebbt! Un denn vergiff uns unse Schulden, grad so as wi vergewen hebbt de Minschen, de uns wat schü lli sü nd. Un help dorto, dat wi nich to Fall kamt! Ja, mak uns frie un redd uns vun dat Bö se! |
| Norwegian | Modern Norwegian, a contemporary Western North Germanic language, is the official language of Norway. It has two major written standards: Nynorsk and Bokmå l. Nynorsk is the contemporary descendent of Old Norwegian. Bokmå l, also called Dano-Norwegian or Riksmå l, is heavily influenced byDanish. Bokmå l is the more commonly used in print. Since 1951 there has been a concerted effort to effect a merger of the two standards. Number of Speakers (1988): 5 million Examples of Norwegian (The Lord's Prayer) in Nynorsk and Bokmå l. Bokmå l: Fader vå r, du som er i himmelen! La ditt navn holdes hellig. La ditt rike komme. La din vilje skje på jorden som i himmelen. Gi oss i dag vå rt daglige brø d. Forlat oss vå r skyld, som vi ò g forlater vå re skyldnere. Led oss ikke inn i fristelse, men frels oss fra det onde. Nynorsk: Fader vå r, du som er i himmelen! Lat namnet ditt helgast. Lat riket ditt koma. Lat viljen rå da på jorda så som i himmelen. Gje oss i dag vå rt daglege brø d. Forlat oss vå r skuld som me ò g forlet vå re skuldmenn. Fø r oss ikkje inn i freisting, men frels oss frå det onde. For riket er ditt og makta i all æ ve. Amen. |
| Pennsylvania German | Pennsylvania German is the language of the descendants of early German Mennonite immigrants in Pennsylvania. They arrived there in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they have also spread to other parts of North America. In the 1990 US census 246, 000 people claimed Pennsylvania German ancestry (more than half of them in Pennsylvania). The language is kept alive, at least among the Amish, and 84, 000 claimed Pennsylvania German as the language spoken in their homes in 1990. Because of the similarity of the words Deutsch and Dutch, the Pennsylvania Germans and their language are widely known as " Pennsylvania Dutch." |
| Scots | Scots is used for the language that developed in Scotland from Old English (see the entry for Scots in the historical section below). Some Scottish authors still write in a modern-day version of Scots, and a massive 10-volume Scottish National Dictionary was completed in 1976. (Several newer and more wieldy dictionaries of Scots also exist.) The linguistic situation today in Scotland is a complex one, with " Southron" (Standard English) the usual language of power, prestige, education, and writing, and Scots as a substrate, bearing rich connotations of tradition and national pride. 'Full' traditional Scots, completely incomprehensible to monolingual English speakers, is not widely spoken, but even many of the common dialects in Scotland are very difficult for non-Scots to understand. (Primary source: The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed. by Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press 1992.) An example of Scots (the Lord's Prayer, from W. Lorimer's 1983 translation of the New Testament): Our Faither in heiven, hallowt be thy name; thy K’ngdom come; thy will be dune on the yird, as in heiven. G’e us out breid for this incomin day; forg’e us the wrangs we hae wrocht, as we hae forg’en the wrangs we hae dree'd; an sey-us-na sairlie, but sauf us frae the Ill Ane. |
| Swedish | Modern Swedish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language, a descendent of Old Swedish. It is the official language of Sweden and it is also spoken by a minority in Finland. Number of Speakers (1988): 9 million An example of Swedish (The Lord's Prayer): Vå r fader, du som ä r i himlen. Lå t ditt namn bli helgat. Lå t ditt rike komma. Lå t din vilja ske, på jorden så som i himlen. Ge oss i dag vå rt brö d fö r dagen som kommer. Och fö rlå t oss vå ra skulder, liksom vi har fö rlå tit dem som stå r i skuld till oss. Och utsä tt oss inte fö r prö vning, utan rä dda oss frå n det onda. |
| Yiddish | Yiddish is originally the language of East European Jews. Jewish refugees entering Poland from Germany in the 14th and 15th century spoke a type of Middle High German influenced heavily by Hebrew. In Poland the Jews flourished, and after the partition of Poland they spread to Russia, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Romania. The Yiddish that developed in the Slavic-speaking countries (Eastern Yiddish, the basis for Modern Standard Yiddish) acquired many Slavic characteristics. Later on emigration to North and South America, South Africa, and Australia created several Yiddish-speaking communities outside Europe. By the year 1900 there were 8 million people in Eastern Europe and 1 million in North America with Yiddish as their mother tongue. Yiddish-speaking Jews have always lived as a minority together with Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Russians etc., and thus almost all Yiddish-speaking people have become bilingual (often trilingual). Because of the Holocaust, and assimilation and emigration to America and Israel, Yiddish is hardly used any more in Europe. The Yiddish-speaking communities in America and Israel are also decreasing. Today, there are hardly more than half a million speakers of Yiddish. In the Soviet Union only 153, 000 people claimed that Yiddish was their mother tongue in the 1989 census, in the USA 213, 000 (1990 census) and in Israel 49, 000 (1983 census). (Primary source: ther Germanic Languages, ed. by Ekkehard Kö nig & Johan van der Auwera, Routledge 1994.) |
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