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Reading. The Invention of Telephone, Radio and TV






to alter [׳ o: ltә ] – менять to win (won) – побеждать, выиграть
function – функция to share – делить
single – один, единственный to received award – получить награду
contribution – вклад foundation – основание
anniversary [ә ni׳ vә: sә ri] – годовщина several – несколько

Text 1

The Invention of Telephone, Radio and TV

The invention of the telephone. Frenchman Charles Bourseul first proposed (предложил) transmitting speech electronically in 1854, but he was ahead1 of his time and it took another six years before Johann Reis used a cork (пробка), knitting needle (вязальная спица), sausage skin and a piece of platinum to transmit sound, if not intelligible (невнятная) speech (that took another 16 years). Alexander Graham Bell made the first working phone in the 1870s. The first telephone line was built in Germany in 1877.

The invention of the radio was one of the major events (события). Radio was not invented by a single person, but was resulted out of contributions of several scientists and inventors. However, Tesla and Marconi are considered2 as inventors of the radio. In 1901, Marconi sent the first radiotelegraph message from England to Canada. Radio-telegraphy became one of the most used communication techniques after the radio was invented.

The invention of the television dazed (ошеломило) people all over the world. This significant3 invention was made in 1926, by John Baird. He is credited for making the world's first television broadcast4. Soon after the first television broadcast, Baird made the first Trans-Atlantic broadcast as well as the first broadcast with color pictures. Philo Farnsworth is credited for making the first functional electronic television system. The latest technology in television includes (включает) integration of the television and the Internet. Now we can see a digital television.

 

Notes to the text:

1. to be ahead of – быть впереди, опережать

2. considered – считаются

3. significant – значительный

4. broadcast – телевещание

 

V. Сопоставьте факты и даты:

1. The invention of the radio a) 1879
2. The invention of the television b) 1837
3. The invention of the telephone c) 1895
4. The invention of the telegraph d) 1874
5. The invention of the bulb e) 1926

 

VI. Составьте предложения из двух частей:

1. The first black-and-white TV sets a) has been replaced by color television.
2. In 1980s black-and-white TV b) the development of TV became digital television.
3. The next major advance in c) were the historical importance in 1939
4. Alexander Graham Bell made d) for generation and power distribution.
5. AC replaced DC e) the first working phone.

 

VII. Обсудите преимущества и недостатки телевидения. Аргументируйте свои высказывания, используя ключевые слова:

In 1930s television appeared in various countries. In this country people have had the opportunity to watch TV shows since 1939. Nowadays there are a lot of debates about advantages and disadvantages of TV. Is TV doing more good or harm?

Key words and expressions: to be well informed, to study with the help of TV courses, a friend of lonely people, to have a good time without leaving home, to take a lot of time, to become passive in free time, to prefer TV to reading books, to bring harm to health.

 

VIII. Напишите небольшое эссе «Жизнь без радио и телевидения». Представьте, что радио и телевидение исчезли, опишите новую жизнь. Какие интересы появятся у человека?

 

Text 2

Alfred Nobel

After inventing dynamite, Swedish – born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw1 its universally destructive power too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made great contribution to mankind2. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty – seven years after the first awards ceremony.

Nobel’s original legacy3 of nine million dollars was invested and the interest of this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30, 000 to $125, 000.

Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death, the awards (gold medals, illuminated diploma and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges’ decisions4. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively (относительно) few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes.

Notes to the text:

1. foresaw – предвидел

2. contribution to mankind – вклад в развитие человечества

3. legacy – наследство

4. judges’ decision – решение судей

 

IX. Выберите правильный вариант ответа, соответствующий содержанию текста:

1. When did the first award ceremony take place?

a) 1895 b) 1901 c) 1962 d) 1968

2. Why was the Nobel prize established?

a) to recognize (признать) great contribution to humanity

b) to resolve political differences

c) to honor the inventor of dynamite

d) to spend money.

3. In which area have Americans received the most awards?

a) literature b) peace c) economics d) science

4. What information is wrong?

a) Awards vary in monetary value.

b) Ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel’s invention.

c) Politics can play an important role in selecting the winners.

d) A few individuals have won two awards.

5. In how many fields are prizes awarded?

a) 2 b) 5 c) 6 d) 10

 

X. Составьте предложения по модели, соединяя выражения левой и правой колонок и производя необходимые изменения. Вы увидите, что жизнь Альфреда Нобеля была полна контрастов:

Model: to be a millionaire | but | to live a simple life

He was a millionaire but lived a simple life.

1. to be cheerful in company but     but to be sad in private
2. to love all mankind not to have a wife or a family to love him
3. to be a patriot of his native country to die alone in a foreign land
4. to invent dynamite to want to see an end to wars
5. to be interested in English poetry to make the discoveries in chemistry and physics

 

XI. Поставьте предлоги by, in, to, for, of, где необходимо:

1. The youngest person to receive the Nobel Prize is Mairead Corrigan. She was awarded … the foundation … the Northern Ireland Peace Movement at the age … 32 in 1976.

2. The Nobel Prize has been won … 35 women.

3. Marie Curie has won the Nobel Prize twice: … physics (1903) and … chemistry (1911).

4. Physics was the prize area which Alfred Nobel mentioned first … his will.

5. In 1901 the very first Nobel Prize in physics was awarded … Wilhelm Rö ntgen … his discovery of X-rays.

6. The Nobel Prize is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy … Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.

7. The citizens … Russia were awarded by 16 Nobel Prizes.

 

XII. Прочитайте предложения, выбрав правильный вариант причастия:

1. Alfred Nobel focused on the development of explosives technology as well as other chemical inventions, ___ (including, included) such materials as synthetic rubber and leather, artificial silk, etc. By the time of his death in 1896 he had 355 patents.

2. ___ (Having worked, Working) hard in condensed matter, especially in liquid helium Lev Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.

3. ___ (Written, Having written) the will Nobel left 31 mln SEK (Sweden Krona) to fund the prizes.

4. ___ (Being, Having been) the most prestigious the Nobel Prize is awarded every year for achievements in physics, chemistry, literature, medicine, economics and peace.

5. While ___ (carried out, carrying out) his researches at the University

I. Mechnikov was engaged in work of the theory of the cellular immunity and in 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

6. In 1927 Nikolai Semenov introduced the theory of branched chain reactions, ___ (explaining, explained) the character of an explosion. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1956 for “research into the mechanism of chemical reactions”.

7. Andrei Sakharov became the father of the hydrogen bomb, ___ (having contributed, contributing) more than anyone else to the military might (мощь) of the Russia. But in 1975 he was awarded by Nobel Peace Prize for his regime’s courageous critics, defending human rights and democracy.

XIII. Подготовьте сообщение об одном из нобелевских лауреатов и расскажите эту информацию своим одногруппникам.

 






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