Applied grammar. Task 11. Translate the words into Ukrainian:

Task 11. Translate the words into Ukrainian:

generousness; generosity; generously; agreement; agreeable; disagree; defend; defence; defensive; satisfied; satisfactory; dissatisfied.

Task 12. Fill in the blanks with the necessary prepositions:

1. an initiative aimed … international cooperation; 2. the response … the terrorist attack was quick; 3. they attacked peaceful people … order to exact the max­imum amount of fear; 4. they tried to prevent the country … conducting nuclear tests; 5. attacks … tourists; 6. there is new domestic policy … abortion laws; 7. observers warn ….. new forms of terrorism; 8. depending … environmental conditions; 9. the attacks called attention … the problem of terrorism; 10. it is likely to put pressure … the government

Task 13. Identify the tense of the following verbs:

1. had attacked; 2. would have protected; 3. has been studying; 4. will be fighting; 5. has read; 6. is organizing; 7. travels; 8. protested; 9. had been discussing; 10. will have led.

Task 14.Choose the correct variant:

1. After the terrorist attack, US and British intelligence had linked/linked the bombing to Libya. 2. The desensitization of people and communities to violence that started in World War I accelerated/has accelerated during World War II. 3. Today, most experts believe that certain parts of the Middle East, Pakistan and Afghanistan will have become/would become the main power centers for terrorism before major international peace agreements will be reached. 4. The experts examine how terrorism will be/will be being integrated into this evolution of conflict in the future. 5. Although definitions of the term “terrorism” are/are being multiple and highly contested, there are some common elements in many of them. 6. They believed that they were legitimate combatants, and that they were fighting/are fighting for what they believed in, by whatever means possible to attain their goals. 7. Terrorism changes/is changing continually. 8. He has/ had already publicly stated that his attacks on the US in particular are motivated by US support for the state of Israel, which he views as a Western creation in the heart of the Muslim world. 9. Terrorism has evolved into the principal irregular warfare strategy of the 21st century, and further it continuously will be adapting/would be adapting to changes in the world socio-political environment. 10. At present these guerrillas have sought/are seeking to overthrow the Colombian government and use the drugs to trade for weapons. 11. Arab nationalists felt that they had been/have been betrayed and stopped believing in promises of post-war independence. 12. Terrorists gradually become/are becoming more integrated with other sub-state entities, such as criminal organizations and legitimately chartered corporations. 13. The weapons supplied have been fueling/had fueled dozens of violent conflicts for years and may lead to the destabilization of several nation-states. 14. Foreign states have occupied/had been occupying this country for a long time before the nationalists resorted to terrorism as a means of liberation. 15. The state has had/had had a difficult time maintaining any control over its territory and many of the institutions of the state are completely ineffectual.

Task 15. Open the brackets putting the verb into correct tense form:

1. Today non-state terrorism (to pose) many threats to the nation-state. 2. Many nation-states are concerned that the terrorists (to obtain) weapons of mass destruction and quite literally may destroy their states. 3. Early practitioners of terrorism, such as the Zealots and the Assassins (not to leave) any particular philosophy or doctrine on their use of terrorism. 4. Changes in the tactics and techniques of terrorists (to be) significant, but even more significant are the growth in the number of causes and social contexts where terrorism is used. 5. When describing the evolution of terrorism and the use of terror through history, it is essential to remember that forms of society and government in the past were significantly different than they are today and they (to change) further. 6. The aggressive use of modern technology for information management, communication and intelligence (to increase) the efficiency of anti-terrorist campaigns and thus a lot of attacks could be prevented. 7. Soon they understood that terrorism rapidly (to become) the predominant strategic tool of their adversaries. 8. Since 1994, the United Nations General Assembly repeatedly (to condemn) terrorist acts. 9. While at the surface it remains “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear…” terrorism rapidly (to become) the predominant strategic tool of our adversaries. 10. The largest act of international terrorism (to occur) on September 11, 2001 in a set of coordinated attacks on the United States of America where Islamic terrorists hijacked civilian airliners and used them to attack the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. 11. Terrorists constantly (to improve) their sophistication and abilities in virtually all aspects of their operations and support. 12. Weapons technology (to become) more increasingly available, and the purchasing power of terrorist organizations is on the rise. 13. Until recently, terrorism (to be) associated with physical acts of violence and crime; for example killings, bombings, kidnapping, destruction of property, etc. 14. Likewise, due to the increase in information outlets, and competition with increasing numbers of other messages, terrorism now (to require) a greatly increased amount of violence or novelty to attract the attention. 15. Decades of lawlessness and corruption (to see) Islamic terrorist groups fill the power vacuum in this region and continue to turn out an alarming number of religiously motivated terrorists.

Task 16. Fill in the gaps with one word:

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. In 996, the Zealots sought to expel the Romans from Palestine through a campaign of terror. Since then, terrorism (1) … been a constant feature of the political landscape. It is sometimes (2) … that terrorism (3) … a weapon of the powerless. Modern terrorism started to become a major international problem in the late 1960s, with numerous incidents occurring around the world, many of them associated with the Arab-Israeli conflict. In recent years, the number of terrorist attacks against the United States has (4) … gradually increasing. One of the major concerns about terrorism today (5) … that a group might develop and use weapons of mass destruction. Chemical or biological weapons (6) … relatively cheap to manufacture and (7) … potentially kill hundreds of thousands of people depending on environmental conditions at the time of detonation. There is some debate whether this is a realistic possibility. But contested or not, the thought of such a weapon falling into the hands of a group of terrorists is a frightening one. In response, a concerted international effort has been underway to try to (8) … the number of attacks. This (9) … involved the formation of counter-terrorist agencies, the funding of think-tanks and research, the training of personnel, the exchange of information between states, the use of military force, infiltration of terrorist cells, the use of sanctions and other punitive measures against countries that harbour terrorists, improved security at airports, embassies, and other vulnerable sites, and the strengthening of international law. Today the major IGOs (10) … working on the system of rules, which could prevent the growth of terrorism in the world. In recent years, however, the number of officially recorded terrorist incidents (11) … increased markedly. Between 1968 and 1989, 35, 150 acts of terrorism (12) … recorded, an average of 1, 673 per year. Between 1990 and 1996, the figure jumped to an average of 4, 389 attacks per year. And by 2004, there (13)… 651 attacks that killed 1, 907 people. Much more important, global terrorism, in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, has called attention to the global jihadist struggle carried out by Al Qaeda, which has included attacks on London on 7 July 2005 and on Spain on 11 March 2004, and the ongoing suicide bombings in Iraq from 2005 to 2007. There are a number of specific reasons why terrorism can (14) … expected to remain the single most important global issue. First, terrorism has proved very successful in attracting publicity, disrupting the activities of government and business, and causing significant death and destruction. Second, arms, explosives, supplies, financing, and secret communications technology (15) … readily available. Some observers warn of new forms of terrorism in an age of globalisation.