Look at the pictures of Marriages signs, listen to their descriptions, try to guess what it is and say it in one word.

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A.. Picture a wedding in North America. You will probably think of a bride wearing a white dress and veil walking down the aisle, accompanied by her father. The groom is dressed in a suit, and accompanied by his best man. During the ceremony, the groom puts a ring on the bride's finger, or perhaps they exchange rings as a judge or religious leader pronounces them husband and wife.

B. Did you ever wonder where these traditions come from? Many wedding traditions are very old and come from different lands. For example, the tradition of having a best man comes from northern Europe in about 200 AD. At this time, a person who wanted to get married usually chose someone from the same village, but sometimes there were not enough women for all the men. Since men did not have the opportunity to meet women as they do today, the only way to find a wife was to capture one. When a man set out to seize a bride, he and a friend would go to the next village and snatch any woman they could find walking alone. The two men had to be strong to carry the woman away. Obviously, the " best man" was needed for the job. Perhaps this is where we get the tradition of carrying a bride over the threshold of her new home on the wedding night. We also get the saying -" to sweep a woman off her feet" from this custom.

C. Today a bride in North America usually wears white. Around the sixteenth century, white became the symbol of purity and innocence. The veil was first introduced by the ancient Greeks and Romans, who wanted to protect the bride from the evil eye of a jealous suitor. The custom of having bridesmaids and ushers probably began with the Romans, who required ten witnesses at a wedding. Bridesmaids dressed like the bride, and ushers dressed like the groom. The idea was to outwit the evil spirits, who would not know who were the real bride and groom. Today, a bride wears " something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue." The item that is old is generally a piece of clothing from a woman who is happily married. This item is supposed to transfer good fortune to the new bride. Something borrowed is often a relative's jewellery. It should be made of gold to represent the sun, which is the source of life. Something new is usually the wedding dress or veil. Something blue is a bit of blue ribbon that represents loyalty or permanence, since blue is the colour of the heavens.

D. Long ago, wedding guests did not eat the wedding cake - they threw it at the bride! The wedding cake symbolized fertility, and was an important part of the ceremony since every marriage was expected to produce children. Wheat, another symbol of fertility and prosperity, was also thrown on new brides. Other young women tried to catch the grains of wheat, to ensure their own future marriages. Today we carry on this tradition by throwing rice at the newlyweds.'"

E. A wedding ceremony often concludes with the bride tossing her bouquet to the bridesmaids. The bridesmaid who catches the flowers is said to be the woman who will marry next. Today, the bridal bouquet is made of delicate flowers such as roses, orchids or lilies of the valley. In the past, it was not made of flowers, but of herbs. The herbs often had a very strong odour, and were selected to ward off witches and demons. Brides carried bouquets of rosemary, chives and even garlic.

F. There are also traditions for the best time of the day for a wedding. In the seventeenth century, morning weddings were considered bad luck because the groom often arrived at the wedding unshaven and wearing dirty and disheveled clothing the result of a late-night bachelor party, no doubt. Today, we continue to have bachelor parties, although not always the night before the wedding. Weddings can take place at any time of the day - morning, afternoon or evening.

G. There are several theories about the origin of the wedding ring. It is made from gold, thought to be the most enduring metal. The circle of the ring symbolizes eternity - the endless love of the couple and a perfect, lifelong union. Wedding rings have been placed on different fingers, according to country. The early Hebrews wore the wedding ring on the index finger. In India, wedding rings were worn on the thumb. In the East, wedding rings had no religious or symbolic significance, and were not worn at all. Today the wedding ring is usually wornon the fourth finger of the left hand, following the traditions of the Greeks. The Greeks believed that a vein called the " vein of love" ran from this finger directly to the heart. Since the heart controlled both love and life, it was logical that this finger should wear the pledge of love.

- a best man - the man who helps the bridegroom (the man getting married) at a wedding ceremony

- to set out to do something -l.to start a journey (esp) a long one; 2.to set out with the intention of doing something

- loyalty - the quality of remaining faithful to your friends, family, principles, country, etc.

- fertility - the ability of a person, animal or plant to produce babies, young animals or seeds.

- prosperity - a condition of having money and everything that is needed for a good life

- to conclude with... - to end something such as a meeting or speech by doing or saying one final thing

- chive -a long thin green plant that looks and tastes like onion and is used in cooking

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the following using the words and word-combinations you know now:

-a formal or traditional set of actions used at an important social or religious even.

-someone who is present when an official paper is signed or who signs it to prove this

-to decide finally to do something, esp. after delaying it or worrying about it for a long time

-someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal agreements or represent people in court

4. Choose the things that are most important to you in a marriage partner. Put them in order. Number 1 is the most important.

Moses Mendelssohn, the grandfather of the well-known German composer, was far from being handsome. Along with a rather short stature, he had a grotesque hunchback.

One day he visited a merchant in Hamburg who had a lovely daughter named Frumtje. Moses fell hopelessly in love with her. But Frumtje was repulsed by his misshapen appearance.

When time came for him to leave, Moses gathered his courage and climbed the stairs to her room to take one last opportunity to speak with her. She was a vision of heavenly beauty, but caused him deep sadness by her refusal to look at him. After several attempts at starting a conversation, Moses shyly asked, " Do you believe marriages are made in heaven? "

" Yes, I do, " he replied. " You see, in heaven at the birth of each boy, the Lord announces which girl he will marry. When I was born, my future wife was pointed out to me. Then the Lord added, 'But your wife will be humpbacked.'"

" Right then and there 1 called out, 'Oh, Lord, a humpbacked woman will be a tragedy. Please, Lord, give me the hump and let her be beautiful.'"

Then Frumtje looked into his eyes and was stirred by some deep memory. She reached out and gave Mendelssohn her hand and later became his devoted wife.