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Rephrasing words
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Rewrite the following sentences. Replace the words in italics with expressions from the text which have the same meaning.
1. Mining and petroleum production take raw materials from the earth.
2. In continuous production, the products must be similar and the quantity must be large.
3. Continuous production is used in making appliances for the home. 1
4. As production increases, it will become more economical to use continuous production.
5. Standard goods are made according to what the manufacturer requires.
6. Gasoline and kerosene are made by separating crude oil into its component parts.
7. Assembly is the process of putting together manufactured parts.
8. The company produces a product because a buyer has ordered it.
9. When goods are made to a customer's specifications, they are called special orders.
10. Using intermittent production, a manufacturer produces one order.
Glossary
Analysis: the separation of a whole into its various parts (components) so that the components are used as products.
Gasoline is produced from crude oil by analysis.
Appliance: an electrical household machine used for performing various kinds of housework.
Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and refrigerators are examples of appliances.
New electrical appliances are designed to consume less energy.
Consumer: a person who purchases a product for his own personal use.
Standard products are designed to please the average consumer.
Consumers had to spend more money for food last month because of increased farm prices.
Continuous: nonstop, without interruption (for the purpose of resetting machinery).
Large manufacturers, who have lots of production machinery and can assign one machine for a particular job, use the continuous method of production. The machines can run for long periods, producing identical items without having to be reset.
Coordination: control and orderly arrangement of workers, machines, and materials working together efficiently.
To use the continuous method of production, it is necessary to have good coordination of workers, materials, and machines.
Custom-made: specially made for a particular customer, according to the customer's specifications.
A wealthy person can afford to have custom-made clothes.
Design: the arrangement of parts or details according to plan.
The machinery must be reset in order to change the design of the product.
Efficiently: using the least amount of energy and materials to produce the greatest output.
The Japanese produce cars efficiently by using the most modern methods and machinery.
Extraction: the process of removing raw materials from the " land" for the purpose of production.
Oil, metals, and other minerals are obtained through the process of extraction.
Fabrication: the assembly of manufactured parts.
Fabrication of modular units, which are standardized sections of buildings, is an inexpensive method of constructing new homes and offices.
Flexible: able to be bent back and forth or otherwise changed in some manner.
Springs are made from flexible steel.
Our production methods are flexible because it is easy to change the machines to produce different products.
Goods: manufactured products.
The Gross National Product (GNP) refers to the value of all the goods and services produced by a country.
Intermittent: starting and stopping, not operating continuously.
Small manufacturers that produce a variety of different products with the same machinery use intermittent production. After they produce one item, they must stop and adjust machinery before production of the next item can begin.
Job lot: a group of mass produced goods all manufactured at the same time to the same exact specifications.
This job lot contains fifty thousand women's dresses, size eight. Machine: to turn, shape, plane, or mill using machine tools.
These pieces of steel will be machined into screws and nuts.
Production: the act of manufacturing or the volume of manufactured goods.
Production of 1982 model cars began on July I, 1981.
Increased production will not result in increased profits unless sales can also be increased.
Raw materials: materials intheir natural or unmanufactured state which will be synthesized or analyzed to produce marketable products. Iron is one of the raw materials used in making steel.
Specifications: exact details of the dimensions, materials, and workmanship of a product.
These replacement parts are made to the original manufacturer's
specifications.
Standard: refers to products designed for the general market, not for a particular individual.
These screws and nuts come in standard sizes. This camera uses standard 35 mm film.
Standardized: refers to products all made exactly alike to a given set of specifications. Such products are interchangeable because they are exactly the same.
Electrical outlets in the United States are standardized so that the same appliance can be plugged into any outlet anywhere.
Electric light bulbs and sockets are standardized so that any light bulb can be screwed into any socket.
Style: design or fashion.
Clothing manufacturers change the style of their products every year.
People who want to wear clothes which are in style must purchase new clothes each year.
Synthesis: the combination of two raw materials for the purpose of producing a product.
Glass is produced by the synthesis of lime, soda, potash, and other chemicals.
Many modern textile fibers such as polyesters and nylon result from a synthesis of simple chemical compounds.
Volume: refers to the quantity produced in a certain amount of time. High volume production can reduce the cost of each item produced.
It's not economical to produce a small volume of gasoline; millions of gallons are produced at once.
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