Aids to the study of the text

1. How does Marchand define word-formation?

2. What does Marchand understand by the terms ‘composite’, ‘moneme’, ‘full linguistic sign’, ‘determinant’, ‘determinatum’?

3. What distinction is made between the two major groups of words from the poinf of view of their formation?

4. What is understood by derivative correlation?

5. What is the criterion of the derived word in such cases as saw — to saw, pen — to pen, etc.?

6. What is understood by semi-suffixal character of man, land, berry in such words as Finland, Scotland, gooseberry, cranberry, milkman, mailman and the like?

7. What is the difference between derivative relevancy and descriptive analysis of words?

8. What does Marchand understand by word-formation on the native and the foreign basis of coining?

9. Why is a mere semantic correlation not enough to establish de­rivative connection between words?

10. How does Marchand define prefixes?

11. What are the three main groups of prefixes as desiribed by Mar­chand?

12. What does Marchand understand by the competition between pre­fixes?

13. What difference in stress is observed between morphemic and non-morphemic re-, in-, pre-?

14. How does Marchand define the term ‘suffix’ and what distinction does he make between suffixes and endings?

15. By what factors is the meaning of a suffix conditioned?

16. Describe six ways of suffixation in modern English.

17. What does Marchand understand by derivation by a zero-morpheme? What reasons does he give for rejecting the terms ‘conversion’ and ‘functional change’?

18. What is understood by the term ‘back-derivation’?

19. What types of back-derivation are distinguished by Marchand? How are these types connected with derivation by zero-morpheme?

20. What accounts for the limited productivity of back-derivation?

21. What does Marchand understand by phonetic symbolism?

22. Why does Marchand refer phonetic symbolism to word-formation?

23. What is understood by the term ‘expressive morpheme symbols’?

24. What is the connection and what is the difference between onomatopoeia and expressive symbolism?

25. How does Marchand account for the difference of onomatopoeias in different languages?

26. What is the difference between full morphemes and expressive morpheme symbols?

27. What does Marchand understand by motivation by linguistic form?

28. What does Marchand understand by ‘ablaut combinations’?

29. Which is the main function of ablaut and rime combinations — to signal intellectual messages or to express emotion?

30. How does Marchand define ‘clipping’?

31. What kinds of clippings are distinguished by Marchand?

32. What are the main semantic, stylistic and structural peculiarities of clippings?

33. What is the difference between the clipping and the source word?

34. Under what circumstances can clipping be regarded as belonging to word-formation?

35. What is the peculiarity of blending as a means of word-formation?

36. What makes it possible to consider blending irrelevant to word-formation?

37. What structural type of words does blending result in?