![]() Главная страница Случайная страница Разделы сайта АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника |
Language as a structural system. Language levels.
Language levels. The grammatical system of the English language, like of other Indo-European languages, is very complicated. It consists of smaller subdivisions, which are called systems too. This structure is of hierarchical character. Graphically the level stratification of language can be depicted by following table (scheme):
3/ Paradigmatic:: Syntagmatic relations Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic relations. A linguistic unit can enter into relations of two different kinds. It enters into paradigmatic relations with all the units that can also occur in the same environment. PR are relations based on the principles of similarity. They exist between the units that can substitute one another. For instance, in the word-group A PINT OF MILK the word PINT is in paradigmatic relations with the words bottle, cup, etc. The article A can enter into PR with the units the, this, one, same, etc. According to different principles of similarity PR can be of three types: semantic, formal and functional. 1. Semantic PR are based on the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading. He used to practice English every day – He would practice English every day. Забиваем Сайты В ТОП КУВАЛДОЙ - Уникальные возможности от SeoHammer
Каждая ссылка анализируется по трем пакетам оценки: SEO, Трафик и SMM.
SeoHammer делает продвижение сайта прозрачным и простым занятием.
Ссылки, вечные ссылки, статьи, упоминания, пресс-релизы - используйте по максимуму потенциал SeoHammer для продвижения вашего сайта.
Что умеет делать SeoHammer
— Продвижение в один клик, интеллектуальный подбор запросов, покупка самых лучших ссылок с высокой степенью качества у лучших бирж ссылок. — Регулярная проверка качества ссылок по более чем 100 показателям и ежедневный пересчет показателей качества проекта. — Все известные форматы ссылок: арендные ссылки, вечные ссылки, публикации (упоминания, мнения, отзывы, статьи, пресс-релизы). — SeoHammer покажет, где рост или падение, а также запросы, на которые нужно обратить внимание. SeoHammer еще предоставляет технологию Буст, она ускоряет продвижение в десятки раз, а первые результаты появляются уже в течение первых 7 дней. Зарегистрироваться и Начать продвижение 2. Formal PR are based on the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man – men; play – played – will play – is playing. 3. Functional PR are based on the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position. For instance, noun determiners: a, the, this, his, Ann’s, some, each, etc. PR are associated with the sphere of ‘language’. A linguistic unit enters into syntagmatic relations with other units of the same level it occurs with. SR exist at every language level. E.g. in the word-group A PINT OF MILK the word PINT contrasts SR with A, OF, MILK; within the word PINT – P, I, N and T are in syntagmatic relations. SR are linear relations, that is why they are manifested in speech. They can be of three different types: coordinate, subordinate and predicative. 1. Coordinate SR exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank, that is, they are the relations of independence: you and me; They were tired but happy. 2. Subordinate SR are the relations of dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other: teach + er – morphological level; a smart student – word-group level; predicative and subordinate clauses – sentence level. 3. Predicative SR are the relations of interdependence: primary and secondary predication.
Сервис онлайн-записи на собственном Telegram-боте
Попробуйте сервис онлайн-записи VisitTime на основе вашего собственного Telegram-бота:— Разгрузит мастера, специалиста или компанию; — Позволит гибко управлять расписанием и загрузкой; — Разошлет оповещения о новых услугах или акциях; — Позволит принять оплату на карту/кошелек/счет; — Позволит записываться на групповые и персональные посещения; — Поможет получить от клиента отзывы о визите к вам; — Включает в себя сервис чаевых. Для новых пользователей первый месяц бесплатно. Зарегистрироваться в сервисе
4/ Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings. The notion of grammatical category. Types of oppositions. Grammatical meaning – the meaning of the formal membership of a word expressed by the word's form, i.e. the meaning of relationship manifested not in the word itself but in the dependent element which is supplementary to its material part Grammatical meaning is abstract and generalized; it is recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words. The common element in the words kids, tables, types is the grammatical meaning of plurality. Grammatical meanings are very abstract, very general. Therefore the grammatical form is not confined to an individual word, but unites a whole class of words, so that each word of the class expresses the corresponding grammatical meaning together with its individual, concrete semantics. Grammatical meanings ranged in oppositions and presented in grammatical forms build grammatical categories.
Types of grammatical meaning ž The implicit grammatical meaning is not expressed formally the word “table” does not contain any
|