The conjuncts

§ 253. Alongside conjunctions there is a numerous groupof conjuncts. They are words or phrases which like conjunctions are used to link clauses, sentences and sometimes single words. Conjuncts are mainly derived from adverbs:

further, moreover, again, besides, however, now, next, then, yet, still, though*, nevertheless, notwithstanding, otherwise, else, therefore, thus, accordingly.

* Though as conjunct differs from the conjunction though: it in characterized by its non-fixed position and by its combinability with other conjunctions (but though).

Three of them originated from particles: also, too, only; others are phrases: on the contrary, at the same time, for all that, etc. Many of conjuncts, unlike conjunctions, are less fixed as to their position and often occur in the middle of the sentence as a parenthesis.

Conjuncts express more specific relations than conjunctions. Those expressing a copulative connection may be divided into several subgroups.

1. Enumerative:

first, second, etc., firstly, secondly, etc., next, then, last, lastly, finally, in the first place, in the second

place, etc.

First he bought a reading lamp, then pens and books.

2. Additive. Most of these suggest a reinforcement of what has already been said before:

again, also, further, furthermore, more, moreover, above all, etc.

Her husband was told that he was too old to work. More, he was discharged with no pension.

3. Equative, suggesting similarity in characterization or content:

equally, likewise, too, also, similarly, in the same way.

The boy was forbidden to go out. Younger children likewise stayed at home.

4. Summative:

then, thus, all in all, to sum up, then, etc.

5. Explanatory:

namely, in other words, for example (e.g.), for instance, that is (i.e.), viz., to wit, say.

6. Reformulatory:

rather, better, in other words.

7. Transitional, denoting temporal transition or indicating a continuation of the narration:

meantime, meanwhile, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, now, by the way, by the by.

There is such a comic dignity about cats... Now there is nothing haughty about a dog.

Conjuncts do not express disjunctive connection.

Adversative conjuncts may be divided into the following subgroups:

1. Concessive:

however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, only, still, though, yet, in any case, at any rate, for

all that, at the same time, all the same.

Her voice still gave charm to her most commonplace remarks, yet it was different from the voice he

remembered.

Such an answer would have satisfied any one; it had no effect at all, though, on this shameless creature.

He was received with respect. Nevertheless he felt awkward.

2. Antithetic:

instead, oppositely, on the contrary, on the one hand... on the other hand, etc.

He could ask anyone about the house, instead he sulkily went from one house to the other.

3. Inferential:

else, otherwise, in that case, etc.

The man evidently suspected something, else he wouldn't have asked me all these questions.

Consecutive conjuncts are not divided into subgroups. They form one indivisible group:

accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, then, thus, as a result.

She liked to be alone, hence she hated Sundays when everybody was at home.

Conjuncts often combine with conjunctions:

and so, but then, but though, or else, or again, and besides, and still, and yet, but still, but yet, and

nevertheless, but nevertheless, because otherwise, etc.