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Regular and irregular verbs
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§ 6. Owing to the historical development of the verb system the English verbs fall into two groups: regular and irregular verbs.
The regular verbs, which go back to the Germanic weak verbs, constitute the largest group. The past indefinite and participle II of these verbs are formed by means of the dental suffix -ed added to the stem of the verb. This is the productive pattern according to which all new verbs form their past indefinite and participle II.
The irregular verbs form their past indefinite and participle II according tо some fixed traditional patterns going back partly to the Germanic strong verbs, partly to the weak verbs, which underwent some changes in the process of history.
The irregular verbs are about 250 in number. They can be arranged according to sound changes.
The list of irregular verbs arranged according to sound changes
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | Translation | |
| [ɪ ] | [æ ] | [ʌ ] | ||
| begin [bɪ gɪ n] | began [bɪ 'gæ n] | begun [bɪ 'gʌ n] | начинать | |
| drink [dnɪ ŋ k] | drank [dræ ŋ k] | drunk [drʌ ŋ k] | пить | |
| ring [rɪ ŋ ] | rang [гæ ŋ ] | rung [rʌ ŋ ] | звонить | |
| shrink [∫ rɪ nk] | shrank [sræ ŋ k] | shrunk [∫ rʌ ŋ k] | сокращать(ся) | |
| sing [sɪ ŋ ] | sang [sæ ŋ ] | sung [sʌ ŋ ] | петь | |
| sink [sɪ ŋ k] | sank [sæ ŋ k] | sunk [sʌ ŋ k] | тонуть | |
| spring [sprɪ ŋ ] | sprang [spræ ŋ ] | sprung [sprʌ ŋ ] | прыгать | |
| stink [stɪ ŋ k] | stank [stæ ŋ k] | stunk [stʌ ŋ k] | вонять | |
| swim [swɪ m] | swam [swæ m] | swum [swʌ m] | плавать | |
| [ɪ ] | [ʌ ] | [ʌ ] | ||
| dig [dɪ g] | dug [dʌ g] | dug [dʌ g] | копать | |
| fling [flɪ n] | flung [flʌ ŋ ] | flung [flʌ ŋ ] | кидать(ся) | |
| spin [spɪ n] | spun [spʌ n] | spun [spʌ n] | прясть | |
| stick [stɪ k] | stuck [stʌ k] | stuck [stʌ k] | втыкать | |
| sting [stɪ ŋ ] | stung [stʌ ŋ ] | stung [stʌ ŋ ] | жалить | |
| swing [swɪ ŋ ] | swung [swʌ ŋ ] | swung [swʌ ŋ ] | качать(ся) | |
| win [wɪ n] | won [wʌ n] | won [wʌ n] | побеждать | |
| wring [rɪ ŋ ] | wrung [гʌ ŋ ] | wrung [rʌ ŋ ] | скручивать | |
| [ɪ ] | [æ ] | [æ ] | ||
| sit [sɪ t] | sat [sæ t] | sat [sæ t] | сидеть | |
| spit [spɪ t] | spat [spæ t] | spat [spæ t] | плеватъ(ся) | |
| [i: ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| bleed [bl: d] | bled [bled] | bled [bled] | кровоточить | |
| breed [bri: d] | bred [bred] | bred [bred] | выводить, разводить | |
| (животных) | ||||
| feed [fi: d] | fed [fed] | fed [fed] | кормить | |
| lead [li: d] | led [led] | led [led] | вести | |
| meet [mi: t] | met [met] | met [met] | встречать(ся) | |
| read [ri: d] | read [red] | read [red] | читать | |
| speed [spi: d] | sped [sped] | sped [sped] | спешить | |
| [е] get [get] | [ɔ ] got [gɔ t] | [ɔ ] got [gɔ t] | получать | |
| [æ ] hang [hæ ŋ ] | [ʌ ] 1) hung [hʌ ŋ ] 2) hanged [hæ ŋ d] | [ʌ ] hung [hʌ ŋ ] hanged [hæ ŋ d] | вешать вешать (казнить) | |
| [aɪ ] bind [baɪ nd] ] find [faɪ nd] grind [graɪ nd] wind [waɪ nd] | [au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund] | [au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund] | связывать находить молоть виться | |
| [aɪ ] light [laɪ t] slide [slaɪ d] | [ɪ ] lit [lɪ t] slid [slɪ d] | [ɪ ] lit [lɪ t] slid [slɪ d] | светить, зажигать скользить | |
| [aɪ ] shine [∫ aɪ n] | [ɔ ] shone [∫ ɔ n] | [ɔ ] shone [∫ ɔ n] | светить, сиять | |
| [aɪ ] fight [faɪ t] | [ɔ: ] fought [f ɔ: t] | [ɔ: ] fought [f ɔ: t] | бороться | |
| [aɪ ] strike [straɪ k] | [ʌ ] struck [strʌ k] | [ʌ ] struck [strʌ k] | ударять(ся) | |
| [ou] hold [hould] | [e] held [held] | [e] held [held] | держать | |
| [u: ] shoot [∫ u: t] | [ɔ ] shot[∫ ɔ t] | [ɔ ] shot [∫ ɔ t] | стрелять | |
| [i: ] creep [kri: p] keep [ki: p] leap [li: p] | [e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped | [e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped | ползать держать прыгать | |
| [i: ] sweep [swi: p] sleep [sli: p] weep [wi: p] | [e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept] | [e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept] | мести, подметать спать плакать, рыдать | |
| [e] | [ou] | [ou] | ||
| sell [sel] | sold [sould] | sold [sould] | продавать | |
| tell [tel] | told [tould] | told [tould] | говорить | |
| [i: ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| flee [fli: ] | fled [fled] | fled [fled] | бежать, | |
| спасаться | ||||
| бегством | ||||
| [ɪ ǝ ] | [ǝ: ] | [ǝ: ] | ||
| hear [hɪ ǝ ] | heard [hǝ: d] | heard [hǝ: d] | слышать | |
| [eɪ ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| say [seɪ ] | said [sed] | said [sed] | говорить, | |
| сказать | ||||
| [i: ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| deal [di: l] | dealt [delt] | dealt [delt] | раздавать, | |
| распределять | ||||
| dream [dri: m] | dreamt [dremt] dreamed | dreamt [dremt] dreamed | видеть сны; мечтать | |
| feel [fi: l] | felt [felt] | felt [felt] | чувствовать | |
| kneel [ni: l] | knelt [nelt] | knelt [nelt] | преклонять | |
| колени | ||||
| lean [li: n] | leant [lent] | leant [lent] | наклоняться | |
| mean [mi: n] | meant [ment] | meant [ment] | значить | |
| [aɪ ] | [ɔ: ] | [ɔ: ] | ||
| buy [baɪ ] | bought [bɔ: t] | bought [b ɔ: t] | покупать | |
| [i: ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| leave [li: v] | left [left] | left [left] | покидать | |
| [u: ] | [ɔ ] | [ɔ ] | ||
| lose [lu: z] | lost [lɔ st] | lost [lɔ st] | терять | |
| [aɪ ] | [ou] | [I] | ||
| drive [draɪ v] | drove [drouv] | driven ['drɪ vn] | вести, ехать | |
| (в экипаже, | ||||
| автомобиле | ||||
| и т. д.) | ||||
| ride [raɪ d] | rode [roud] | ridden [ 'rɪ dn] | ехать верхом | |
| rise [raɪ z] | rose [rouz] | risen [ 'rɪ zn] | подниматься, | |
| вставать | ||||
| write [raɪ t] 4 f\ | wrote [rout] | written ['rɪ tn] | писать | |
| [aɪ ] flу [flaɪ ] | [u: ] flew [flu: ] | [ou] flown [floun] | летать | |
| [i: ] freeze [fri: z] speak [spi: k] steal [sti: l] weave [wi: v] | [ou] froze [frouz] spoke [spouk] stole [stoul] wove [wouv] | [ou] frozen ['frouzn] spoken [ spoukǝ n] stolen ['stoulǝ n] woven [ 'wouvǝ n] | морозить разговаривать красть ткать | |
| [eɪ ] break [breɪ k] | [ou] broke [brouk] | [ou] broken ['broukǝ n] | ломать | |
| [e] forget [fǝ 'get] | [ ɔ ] forgot [fǝ 'gɔ t] | [ ɔ ] forgotten [fǝ 'gɔ tǝ n] | забывать | |
| [ɛ ǝ ] swear [swɛ ǝ ] tear [t ɛ ə ] | [ɔ: ] swore [sw ɔ: ] tore [tɔ: ] | [ ɔ: ] sworn [sw ɔ: n] torn [tɔ: n] | клясться рвать | |
| [aɪ ] lie [laɪ ] | [eɪ ] lay [leɪ ] | [eɪ ] lain [Ieɪ n] | лежать | |
| [aɪ ] bite [baɪ t] hide [haɪ d] | [ɪ ] bit [bɪ t] hid [hɪ d] | [ɪ ] bitten ['bɪ tn] hidden ['hɪ dn] | кусать(ся) прятать(ся) | |
| [u: ] choose [t∫ u: z] | [ou] chose [t∫ ouz] | [ou] chosen ['t∫ ouzǝ n] | выбирать | |
| [i: ] see [si: ] | [ɔ: ] saw [sɔ: ] | [i: ] seen [si: n] | видеть | |
| [i: ] eat [i: t] | [e] ate [et] | [i: ] eaten ['i: tn] | есть | |
| [ɪ ] forbid [fe'bɪ d] forgive [fǝ 'gɪ v] give [gɪ v] | [eɪ ] forbade [fo'beɪ d] forgave [fǝ 'geɪ v] gave [geɪ v] | [ɪ ] forbidden [fǝ 'bidǝ n] forgiven [fǝ 'gɪ vn] given ['gɪ vn] | запрещать забывать давать | |
| [eɪ ] shake [∫ eɪ k] take [teik] | [u] shook [∫ uk] took [tuk] | [eɪ ] shaken ['∫ eɪ kn] taken ['teɪ kn] | трясти брать | |
| [ɔ: ] fall [fɔ: l] | [e] fell [fel] | [ɔ: ] fallen [fɔ: lǝ n] | падать | |
| [ɔ: ] draw [drɔ: ] | [u: l drew [dru: ] | [ɔ: ] drawn [drɔ: n] | рисовать | |
| [ou] blow [blou] grow [grou] know [nou] throw [θ rou] | [u: ] blew [blu: ] grew [gru: ] knew [nju: ] threw [θ ru: ] | [ou] blown [bloun] grown [groun] known [noun] thrown [θ roun] | дуть расти знать бросать | |
| [e] swell [swel] | [e] swelled [sweld] | [ou] swollen ['swoulǝ n] | надувать(ся) | |
| [eɪ ] make [meɪ k] | [eɪ ] made [meɪ d] | [eɪ ] made [meɪ d] | делать | |
| [ɪ ] bring [brɪ ŋ ] think [θ iŋ k] | [ɔ: ] brought [brɔ: t] thought [θ ɔ: t] | [ɔ: ] brought [brɔ: t] thought [θ ɔ: t] | нести думать | |
| [i: ] teach [ti: t∫ ] | [ɔ: ] taught [tɔ: t] | [ɔ: ] taught [tɔ: t] | учить | |
| [æ ] catch [kæ t∫ ] | [ɔ: ] caught [kɔ: t] | [ɔ: ] caught [kɔ: t] | хватать | |
| [æ ] stand [stæ nd] understand [ʌ nde'stæ nd] | [u] stood [stud] understood [ʌ ndǝ 'stud] | [u] stood [stud] understood [ʌ ndǝ 'stud] | стоять понимать | |
| [d] build [bɪ Id] lend [lend] mend [mend] spend [spend] send [send] | [t] built [bɪ lt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent] | [t] built [bɪ lt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent] | строить одалживать, сдавать в аренду чинить тратить, расходовать посылать | |
| bet [bet] burst [bǝ: st] | bet [bet] burst [bǝ: st] | bet [bet] burst [bǝ: st] | держать пари лопаться; взрываться (о снаряде) | |
| cost [kɔ st] | cost [kɔ st] | cost [kɔ st] | стоить, | |
| обходиться | ||||
| cut [kʌ t] | cut [kʌ t] | cut [kʌ t] | резать | |
| hit [hɪ t] | hit [hɪ t] | hit [hɪ t] | ударять | |
| hurt [hǝ: t] | hurt [hǝ: t] | hurt [hǝ: t] | причинять боль | |
| let [let] | let [let] | let [let] | позволять, разрешать | |
| put [put] | put [put] | put [put] | класть, положить | |
| shut [∫ ʌ t] | shut [∫ ʌ t] | shut [∫ ʌ t] | закрывать(ся) | |
| split [splɪ t] | split [splɪ t] | split [splɪ t] | раскладывать(ся) | |
| spread [spred] | spread [spred] | spread [spred] | развертываться | |
| upset [ʌ р'set] | upset [ʌ p'set] | upset [ʌ p'set] | опрокидывать (ся) | |
| расстраивать, | ||||
| нарушать (порядок) |
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