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Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and adverbs
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(Ступені порівняння прикметників та прислівників)
1. Formation of Degrees of Comparison
| Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
| adjective | adjective + er | the + adjective + est |
| (одно-складові) | ||
| long big small | longer bigger smaller | the longest the biggest the smallest |
| (дво-складові) | ||
| easy narrow clever simple | easier narrower cleverer simpler | the easiest the narrowest the cleverest the simplest |
| adjective | more + adjective | the most + adjective |
| (багато-складові) | ||
| beautiful handsome | more beautiful more handsome | the most beautiful the most handsome |
2. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives (and Adverbs)
| Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
| good well | better (than) | the best |
| bad badly | worse (than) | the worst |
| much many | more (than) | the most |
| little | less (than) | the least |
Adjectives which have two Forms of Comparison
| Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
| old | older elder | the oldest the eldest |
| late | later latter | the latest the last |
| near | nearer | the nearest the next |
| far | farther further | the farthest the furthest |
4. as... as, (такий … як)
| This room | is | as large as | that one. |
| These flowers | are | as beautiful as | mine. |
5. not so... as (не такий … як)
| Odessa | is | not so big as | Kyiv. |
6. the more…, the better… чим …, тим …
The longer he studied, the more he liked his future speciality.
NUMERAL
(Числівник)
| cardinal | ordinal | cardinal | ordinal | cardinal | ordinal | |||
| one | first | eleven | eleventh | ten | tenth | |||
| two | second | twelve | twel f th | twenty | twentieth | |||
| three | third | thirteen | thirteenth | thirty | thirtieth | |||
| four | fourth | fourteen | fourteenth | forty | fortieth | |||
| five | fi f th | fi f teen | fi f teenth | fi f ty | fi f tieth | |||
| six | sixth | sixteen | sixteenth | sixty | sixtieth | |||
| seven | seventh | seventeen | seventeenth | seventy | seventieth | |||
| eight | eighth | eighteen | eighteenth | eighty | eightieth | |||
| nine | ni nt h | nineteen | nineteenth | ninety | ninetieth |
| hundred | two hundred_ | but: hundreds of students | ||
| 1, 000 | thousand | 2, 000 | two thousand_ | but: thousands of fighters |
| 1, 000, 000 | million | 2000, 000 | two million_ | but: millions of protesters |
| 1, 000, 000, 000 | billion | |||
| three hundred and twenty five | |
| five hundred andseven | |
| 225, 000 | two hundred and twenty five thousand |
Fractional Numerals
(Дроби)
| 1/2 | a half |
| 1/3 | a third, one third |
| 1/4 | a quarter, one quarter; a fourth, one fourth |
| 1/10 | a tenth, one tenth |
| 1/100 | a (one) hundredth |
| 3/4 | three quarters, three fourths |
| 1/1234 | a (one) thousand two hundred and thirty fourth |
| o[ou], nought [no: t], zero [ziə rou] | |
| 0.1 | o point one, zero point one, point one, nought point one |
| 0.01 | o point o one, zero point zero one, point zero one |
| 0.25 | point two five, nought point two five, |
| 2.35 | two point three five |
| 0.001 | o point o o one, zero point zero zero one, |
VERB
(Дієслово)
TENSES (Часи)
| Simple | Present | V (Vs) | never, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often, as a rule, usually, always, every day (week …) | I live in Kyiv. I go to the University every day. I speak English. The water boils at 100º C. If he comes he will help us. |
| Past | II (Ved) | yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year (month …), two weeks ago, in 1998 when I was young | I lived in Kyiv two years ago. Hewent to school five days a weeklast year. Shespoke English very well at the age of ten. I visited my friend yesterday. | |
| Future | will +V | tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month …), in a week, in 2030 | I will live in Kyiv next three years. Hewill go to the University every daynext year. Shewill speak Englishvery well in a month. I will visit my friend tomorrow. | |
| Continuous | Present | am, is, are + V-ing | now, right now, at the moment | I am working on my graduation thesis, so I can’t go out with you. |
| Past | was, were + V-ing | at 3 o’clock yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, the whole day yesterday, when he came back (past) | I was working on my graduation thesisthe whole day yesterday. | |
| Future | will be + V-ing | at 3 o’clock tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, the whole day tomorrow, when he comes back (fut) | I will be working on my graduation thesisthe whole day tomorrow. | |
| Perfect | Present | have, has +III (V-ed) | just, ever, never, already, yet, since, for, this year, recently, lately, | I have just seen him. Have you ever been abroad? I have never been abroad. Has he passed his exam yet? Hehas already passedhis exam. |
| Past | had + III (V-ed) | before another action in the past by 7 o’clock yesterday, | Before he came we had already finished with the testing. A s soon as I had passed my driving test I bought a car. | |
| Future | will have + III (V-ed) | by 7 o’clock tomorrow, by the end of the month, by the time she comes | I will have done this by the end of the month. | |
| Perfect Continuous | Present | have, has +been V-ing | since, for activity in progress which began in the past and is still continuing now | I have been working since nine o’clock this morning. He has been waiting for two hours. |
| Past | had + been V-ing | activity in progresstill the moment when smth happened in the past | We had been working for two hours when our friend joined us. | |
| Future | will have + been V-ing | activity in progresstill the moment when smth happens in future | We will have been working in the laboratory for a few hours when you arrive. |
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