Means of communicating ideas

We strongly recommend you not to use the verb “ to say ” while speaking because of its absolutely neutral semantics. Here is the list of verbs that can substitute it. Translate them and using an English-English dictionary find out the difference in meaning:

to state to make one’s point to emphasize

to express to urge to dot the i’s and cross the t’s

to formulate to put forward to highlight

to deliver to appeal to mention

to remark to claim to admit

to comment to request to state with conviction

to observe to confirm to utter

to protest to assert

Below you will find the list of useful phrases.

The writer uses (makes use of, employs, resorts to) common colloquial vocabulary juridical terminology (law terms) to give the narration, (to lend) more authenticity and objectivity to lend the story a humorous ring, to make the story sound melodramatic (sentimental etc.) It testifies to the writer's mastery (skill).

This detail (fact, expression, device) is suggestive of..., is highly informative.

It suggests that...

It helps the reader guess (realize, come to the conclusion etc.) …

It leaves much for the reader's guesswork.

The syntactical pattern of the sentence (paragraph) is suggestive (informative, meaningful).

The syntactical pattern (structure, design) is peculiar (is broken, is violated...) He resorts to high-flown (elevated) words to convey the inner tragedy of his personage.

There is a discrepancy between the bookish, elevated vocabulary and the trivial (banal) situation with ordinary men doing everyday things (or the daily routine of ordinary men).

It usually produces a humorous (ironical) effect. It reveals the writer's ironical attitude to... It is used as a means of irony. The writer makes use of various language means to depict (portray, convey, reveal, etc.) The author digresses from the thread of narration (the topic of story).

To pursue his aim the author employs (resorts to, adheres to, uses). The author converses with the reader as if he has an interlocutor before him. (The reader is involved into the events of the text.) The author lays bare (exposes, unmasks, condemns, touches upon, dwells on, delineates, highlights, stresses, underlines, ridicules, mocks at, accentuates)... The author lays (puts, places) emphasis (stress) on... The writer carries the idea to the mind of the reader through...

The author stresses (underlines, discloses, accentuates, emphasizes, wishes to point out, throws light on, highlights, adds to, contributes to, (lightens, enhances, intensifies, gives an insight into, explains and clarifies, serves to provide the text with additional emphases). The satirical (humorous, ironical) effect is heightened (enhanced, intensified, augmented) by … It contributes (adds) to the same effect (the effect desired by the author, the effect the author strives for, a more colourful and emotional presentation of the scene). It adds importance to the indication of the place (time, manner) of action is suggestive (illustrative, expressive) (it indicates where and when the scene is laid). It is suggestive (illustrative, expressive, explicit, implicit) of...

Stylistic devices are linked and interwoven to produce a joint impression (are aimed at achieving the desired effect). The SD wants (needs) interpreting, decoding. It prepares the ground for the next sentence (paragraph). The SD makes explicit what has been implied before (lends an additional expressiveness). It is implicit in nature, makes the utterance arresting, enables the author to convey the feelings and emotions of the character, reveals the character's low (high) social position, indicates the step the character occupies in the social ladder, serves best to specify the author's (character's) attitude to. There is no direct indication of that. It is understood indirectly through (perceived through)... The title (SD) is highly informative (symbolic, emotive, emotionally coloured, emphatic).

The SD suggests a definite kind of informational design. It is to the word "..." that prominence must be given. If we analyze the intonational pattern of the sentence we see that to the word "..." is given a strong (heavy) stress. Looking deeper into the arrangement of the utterance we come to the conclusion that... The reader traces the marked partiality of the writer for his personage. In order to impose (impress) on the reader his attitude towards the character the author employs...

Leading gradually up to the hidden idea that he is pursuing the writer makes the reader feel... The most convincing proof of the idea is... We'll discuss the implication the following sentence suggests... Hints and suggestive remarks (implications and suggestions) are scattered all over the text. On a more careful observation it becomes obvious that...

It is worthwhile going a little deeper in (to) the language texture.

The idea is hidden between the lines in order to grasp the author's idea.

The word (sentence) is charged (loaded, burdened) with implication (connotation).

The SD suggests a touch of authenticity (plausibility) to the narrated events (it makes the reader believe that the narrated events have actually taken place in real life).

The episode is presented through the perception of the character (this type of presenting a picture of life as if perceived by a character that creates the so-called effect of immediate presence). The SD serves as a clue to the further development of the action. The plot unfolds (itself) dynamically (slowly).

II. Choose the phrases you like more so as to make a structure of any text analysis. Prepare two variants: one long (300-350 words), another short (100-150 words).

UNIT 1

You are going to read the text about the way people can react to different news. While reading, pay attention to the description of the main character’s state. Put down the words, word-combinations the author uses to characterize it.