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When but so and because
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1. Diana began to be ill. She was unhappy.
2. Diana and Charles worked hard. They did different things.
3. Diana was unhappy. Her mother and father were divorced.
4. People with AIDS need our love. We must touch them.
5. Lepers are very ill. Many people are afraid of them.
26. Activities
1. Imagine that you were ill in hospital, and Princess Diana came to visit you. Write the story of what happened.
2. Imagine that you were in London when Princess Diana died. Write the story of what you did and saw.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27. Diana was not a great orator but she had an empathy with ordinary people and her words would sometimes carry greater weight with the populous than thousands of fancy speeches. In some ways her words have a similar spirituality to those of her friend Mother Theresa. One I feel is especially significant says: “ Yesterday is gone. Tomorrow has not yet come. We have only today. Let us begin ”. Mother Theresa’s are particularly poignant to someone who died so young. I wear my heart on my sleeve. Read the following Princess Diana’s quotations and discuss them. Agree or disagree with them. Try to prove your point of view.
“I don ’ t go by the rule book... I lead from the heart, not the head”.
“I don ’ t want expensive gifts; I don ’ t want to be bought. I have everything I want. I just want someone to be there for me, to make me feel safe and secure”.
“I ’ d like to be a queen in people ’ s hearts but I don ’ t see myself being queen of this country”.
“If you find someone you love in your life and then hang on to that love”.
“The biggest disease this day and age is that of people feeling unloved”.
“There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded”.
“I ’ d like to be a queen in people ’ s hearts but I don ’ t see myself being Queen of this country”.
“Only do what your heart tells you”.
“Carry out a random act of kindness, with no expectation of reward, safe in the knowledge that one day someone might do the same for you”.
28. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a woman with great sensitivity for the underprivileged of all creeds, races, and nations whose credo was: “We must try to do things we think we cannot do.” If you were thinking about outstanding women in USA would you mention Eleanor Roosevelt or not? Why?
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
“I think, at a child’s birth, if a mother could ask
a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift,
that gift would be curiosity”.
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
A shy, awkward child, starved for recognition and love, Eleanor Roosevelt grew into a woman with great sensitivity to the underprivileged of all creeds, races, and nations. Her constant work to improve their lot made her one of the most loved and for some years one of the most revered women of her generation.
She was born in New York City on October 11, 1884, the daughter of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt and the niece of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of the United States. She grew up in a wealthy family that attached great value to community service. Both her parents died before she was 10, and she and her surviving brother (another brother died when she was 9) were raised by relatives. The death of Eleanor’s father, to whom she had been especially close, was very difficult for her. When her parents died, the children went to live with Grandmother Hall. Their grandmother’s home was a place of rules and regulations. She was cared for by nurses and received private tutoring. Though Eleanor was a member of New York’s elite, she was never really a part of their life, because her sadness and loneliness set her apart. She knew too that there was another world cut off from the finery they enjoyed.
Eleanor was sent to England for further education. Attending a distinguished school in England gave her, at 15, her first chance to develop self-confidence among other girls. Eleanor enrolled at Allenswood, a girls’ boarding school outside London, where she came under the influence of the French headmistress, Marie Souvestre. Souvestre’s intellectual curiosity and her taste for travel and excellence awakened similar interests in Eleanor, who later described her three years there as the happiest time of her life. Reluctantly, she returned to New York in the summer of 1902 to prepare for her “coming out” into society that winter. Following family tradition, she devoted time to community service, including teaching in a settlement house on Manhattan’s Lower East Side.
Soon after Eleanor returned to New York, Franklin Roosevelt, her distant cousin, began to court her, and they were married on March 17, 1905, in New York City. His taste for fun contrasted with her own seriousness, and she often commented on how he had to find companions in pleasure elsewhere. Between 1906 and 1916 Eleanor gave birth to six children, one of whom died in infancy.
After Franklin won a seat in the New York Senate in 1911, the family moved to Albany, where Eleanor was initiated into the job of political wife. When Franklin was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in 1913, the family moved to Washington, D.C., and Eleanor spent the next few years performing the social duties expected of an “official wife, ” including attending formal parties and making social calls in the homes of other government officials. For the most part she found these occasions tedious.
With the entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917, Eleanor was able to resume her volunteer work. She visited wounded soldiers and worked for the Navy–Marine Corps Relief Society and in a Red Cross canteen. This work increased her sense of self-worth, and she wrote later, “I loved it…I simply ate it up.”
When World War ended, Eleanor was active in relief service and became an outspoken critic of social wrongs she observed. When she traveled with Franklin to Europe for the Paris Peace talks in 1919, she was inspired by the hopes which many had for a lasting peace through the establishment of a world organization dedicated to improving the conditions of life everywhere.
In 1921, while vacationing at Campobello, Franklin was stricken with polio. Eleanor provided the help and inspiration which he needed to return to public life despite a paralysis which totally immobilized his legs.
She became active in the women’s division of the State Democratic Committee to keep his interest in politics alive. From his successful campaign for governor in 1928 to the day of his death, she dedicated her life to his purposes. She became eyes and ears for him, a trusted and tireless reporter.
When Mrs. Roosevelt came to the White House in 1933, she understood social conditions better than any of her predecessors and she transformed the role of First Lady accordingly. She never shirked official entertaining; she greeted thousands with charming friendliness. She also broke precedent to hold press conferences, travel to all parts of the country, give lectures and radio broadcasts, and express her opinions candidly in a daily syndicated newspaper column, “My Day”.
This made her a tempting target for political enemies but her integrity, her graciousness, and her sincerity of purpose endeared her personally to many from heads of state to servicemen she visited abroad during World War II. As she had written wistfully at 14: “...no matter how plain a woman may be if truth and loyalty are stamped upon her face all will be attracted to her.... ”
Following Franklin’s death in 1945, Eleanor was appointed as US delegate to the United nations. She chaired the Commission on Human Rights and helped to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She returned to a cottage at his Hyde Park estate; she told reporters: “the story is over”. Within a year, however, she began her service as American spokesman in the United Nations. She continued a vigorous career until her strength began to wane in 1962. She died in New York City that November, and was buried at Hyde Park beside her husband.
29. Learn the new words and word combinations.
| to starve creed underprivileged to revere finery distinguished to enroll reluctantly to devote tedious endear wounded outspoken self-worth predecessor to be stricken to resume to immobilize integrity graciousness | ………………….… ………….………… …………….……… …………….……… …………….……… …………….……… …………….……… ……………….…… ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. | вмирати з голоду переконання позбавлений привілеїв поважати пишне вбрання, прикраса видатний реєструвати неохоче, без бажання присвячувати нудний, стомлений змусити полюбити поранений відвертий, щирий той, хто цінує себе попередник уражений відновлювати, продовжувати робити нерухомим чесність люб’язність |
30. Match the word on the left with the correct meaning on the right.
| 1. tedious 2. outspoken 3. endear 4. wounded 5. self-worth 6. predecessor 7. immobilize 8. distinguished 9. lot 10. shirk 11. to be stricken 12. resume 13. revere 14. creed 15. underprivileged | A.to be in awe of and respect deeply; venerate B. very successful and admired by other people C. to begin again or go on with (something adjourned or interrupted) D. portion in life; destiny; fortune E. suffering from wounds; injured, esp. in a battle or fight F. any statement or system of beliefs or principles G. laid low, as by disease or sickness H. lacking the rights and advantages of other members of society; I. to make or become immobile J. candid or bold in speech K. respect for or a favourable opinion of oneself L. causing fatigue or tedium; monotonous M. a person who precedes another, as in an office N. to cause to be beloved or esteemed O. to avoid discharging (work, a duty, etc.); evade |
31. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the left column above.
1. He was a _________________ writer without any doubts.
2. It falls to my ____________ to be poor.
3. She _______________ herself to serving God.
4. Her smile ________________ her to all the people.
5. After several months she left hospital and tried to ____________ a normal life.
6. Many of the hit songs of the sixties are now ________________ as classics.
7. We had to sit through several ____________ speeches.
8. Her _______________ has been a hard one.
9. Many of the _____________ soldiers died on their way to hospital.
10. She never _________________ responsibility.
32. In the text find the description of:
1) Eleanor Roosevelt’s ambitions _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2) her character(strong and weak features)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3) her education__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4) her traveling in the world __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5) her career as a politician
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6) her achievements __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. You are expected to read the text about Presidential First Lady, the wife of US President Richard Milhouse Nixon.
Patricia Ryan Nixon
“I have sacrificed everything in my life
that I consider precious in order to advance
the political career of my husband”.
Patricia Ryan Nixon
Pat Nixon was the wife of U.S. president Richard Nixon and served as First Lady from 20 January 1969 to 8 August 1974. She grew up in southern California, taking on adult family responsibilities at an early age. Born Thelma Catherine Ryan on March 16 in Ely, Nevada, “Pat” Nixon acquired her nickname within hours. Her father, a miner in Ely, Nevada, gave her the nickname “Pat” because she was born the evening before St. Patrick’s Day.
Soon the family moved to California and settled on a small farm near Los Angeles – a life of hard work with few luxuries. Her mother, Kate Halberstadt Bender Ryan, died in 1925; at 13 Pat assumed all the household duties for her father and two older brothers. At 18, she lost her father after nursing him through months of illness. Left on her own and determined to continue her education, she worked her way through the University of Southern California. She held part-time jobs on campus, as a sales clerk in a fashionable department store and she graduated cum laude in 1937.
She accepted a position as a high-school teacher in Whittier; and there she met Richard Nixon, who had come home from Duke University Law School to establish a practice. They became acquainted at a Little Theater group when they were cast in the same play, and were married on June 21, 1940.
During World War II, she worked as a government economist while he served in the Navy. She campaigned at his side in 1946 when he entered politics, running successfully for Congress. Within six years she saw him elected to the House, the Senate, and the Vice Presidency on the ticket with Dwight D. Eisenhower. Despite the demands of official life, the Nixons were devoted parents to their two daughters, Tricia (now Mrs. Edward Cox), and Julie (now Mrs. David Eisenhower).
A tireless campaigner when he ran unsuccessfully for President in 1960, she was at his side when he ran again in 1968--and won. She had once remarked, “It takes heart to be in political life”.
Pat Nixon used her position as First Lady to encourage volunteer service – “the spirit of people helping people”. She invited hundreds of families to nondenominational Sunday services in the East Room. She instituted a series of performances by artists in varied American traditions – from opera to bluegrass. Mrs. Nixon took quiet pride in adding 600 paintings and antiques to the White House Collection.
She had shared her husband’s journeys abroad in his Vice Presidential years, and she continued the practice during his Presidency. Her travels included the historic visit to the People’s Republic of China and the summit meetings in the Soviet Union. Her first solo trip was a journey of compassion to take relief supplies to earthquake victims in Peru. Later she visited Africa and South America with the unique diplomatic standing of Personal Representative of the President. Always she was a charming envoy.
Mrs. Nixon met the troubled days of Watergate with dignity. “I love my husband”, she said, “I believe in him, and I am proud of his accomplishments”.
She died at home in Park Ridge, New Jersey, on June 22, 1993. Her husband followed her in death ten months later. She and the former President are buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California.
34. Learn the new words and word combinations.
| to acquire to move to to assume to settle on campus to campaign to be devoted tireless to institute performance to determine to encourage varied to share compassion envoy dignity accomplishments to be buried at.. | ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………................ ……………………… ……………………… …………………….... ……………………… ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... | здобувати переїжджати брати на себе оселятися університетське містечко брати участь бути присвяченим невтомний засновувати вистава встановлювати підбадьорювати різноманітний поділяти співчуття повноважний представник почуття власної гідності досягнення бути похованим |
35. Match the word on the left with the correct meaning on the right.
| 1.compassion 2. to assume 3. accomplishments 4. to encourage 5. to determine 6. tireless 7. envoy 8. dignity 9. to acquire 10. to institute | A. a feeling of distress and pity for the suffering or misfortune of another; B. to take upon oneself; undertake or take on or over (a position, responsibility, etc.); C. the act of carrying out or achieving; D. to inspire (someone) with the courage or confidence (to do something); E. to make or cause to make a decision; F. unable to be tired; indefatigable; G. an accredited messenger, agent, or representative; H. the state or quality of being worthy of honour; I. to get or gain (something, such as an object, trait, or ability); J. to organize; establish; |
36. Match the words and phrases.
| to acquire to hold | part-time job to continue education |
| to determine | a position |
| to accept | smb’s accomplishments |
| to settle on | nickname |
| to assume | a series of performances |
| to institute | house hold duties |
| to be proud of | a small farm |
37. Find the sentences with the word combinations and write them out.
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38. Using the written out sentences make up a dialogue and act it out.
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39. Imagine that you are a journalist and you should ask questions about Patricia Ryan Nixon. What questions would you ask?
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40. You are going to read the text aboutFirst wife of an American president elected to public office, the U.S. Senate in 2000; re-elected in 2006 by wide margin and ….. What else do you know about this charming woman?
Hillary Rodham Clinton
“Women are always being tested... but ultimately,
each of us has to define who we are individually and
then do the very best job we can to grow into it”.
Hillary Clinton
This charismatic woman is now much spoken about and it’s no wonder. She is respected not only by her countrymen, but also by a lot of people abroad, especially women. During the
1992 presidential campaign, Hillary Rodham Clinton observed, “Our lives are a mixture of different roles. Most of us are doing the best we can to find whatever the right balance is... For me, that balance is family, work, and service”.
Hillary Diane Rodham, Dorothy and Hugh Rodham’s first child, was born on October 26, 1947. Two brothers, Hugh and Tony, soon followed. Hillary’s childhood in Park Ridge, Illinois, was happy and disciplined. She loved sports and her church, and was a member of the National Honor Society, and a student leader. Her parents encouraged her to study hard and to pursue any career that interested her.
As an undergraduate at Wellesley College, Hillary mixed academic excellence with school government. Speaking at graduation, she said, “The challenge now is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, possible”.
In 1969, Hillary entered Yale Law School, where she served on the Board of Editors of Yale Law Review and Social Action, interned with children’s advocate Marian Wright Edelman, and met Bill Clinton. The President often recalls how they met in the library when she strode up to him and said, “If you’re going to keep staring at me, I might as well introduce myself”. The two were soon inseparable – partners in moot court, political campaigns, and matters of the heart.
After graduation, Hillary advised the Children’s Defense Fund in Cambridge and joined the impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives. After completing those responsibilities, she “followed her heart to Arkansas”, where Bill had begun his political career.
They married in 1975. She joined the faculty of the University of Arkansas Law School in 1975 and the Rose Law Firm in 1976. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the board of the Legal Services Corporation, and Bill Clinton became governor of Arkansas. Their daughter, Chelsea, was born in 1980.
Hillary served as Arkansas’s First Lady for 12 years, balancing family, law, and public service. She chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee, co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, and served on the boards of the Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Legal Services, and the Children’s Defense Fund.
As the nation’s First Lady, Hillary continued to balance public service with private life. Her active role began in 1993 when the President asked her to chair the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. She continued to be a leading advocate for expanding health insurance coverage, ensuring children are properly immunized, and raising public awareness of health issues. She wrote a weekly newspaper column entitled “Talking It Over”, which focused on her experiences as First Lady and her observations of women, children, and families she has met around the world. Her
1996 book It Takes a Village and Other Lessons Children Teach Us was a best seller, and she received a Grammy Award for her recording of it.
On September 5, 1995, she stood before thousands at the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and declared that “Women’s rights are human rights.” Then she took direct aim at China’s shameful record on female infanticide, saying, “It is a violation of human rights when babies are denied food, or drowned, or suffocated, or their spines broken, simply because they are born girls.” In Pakistan, India and Nepal, women waited for hours just to catch a glimpse of her. Hillary had found her platform and her self-confidence – and she made up her mind to run for public office herself.
As First Lady, her public involvement with many activities sometimes led to controversy. Undeterred by critics, Hillary won many admirers for her support for women around the world and her commitment to children’s issues.
She was elected United States Senator from New York on November 7, 2000. She is the first First Lady elected to the United States Senate.
In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but she narrowly lost to Senator Barack Obama. As Obama’s Secretary of State, Clinton is the first First Lady to serve in a president ’ s cabinet.
In 2008 year Hillary Clinton did something very rare for a politician: She won while losing. No, she didn’t reach the White House – but she motivated a new generation of women of every political stripe. Former GOP congresswoman Susan Molinari told Glamour, “I’m a Republican, but I’m also a mother of two girls, and now my daughters have no doubts that they could grow up to be president.”
And of course, she’s not done yet. She continues to be a huge force on every topic she cares about, and her stature remains undiminished throughout the world. “Hillary has emerged as an international symbol of the endeavour to give globalization a more human face, ” says Michelle Bachelet, the president of Chile. Hillary’s famous “18 million cracks” in the glass ceiling – the number of votes cast for her in the primaries – represent the closest any woman has ever come to the greatest prize in the world, the presidency of the United States. Her candidacy defined the high-water mark of the women’s movement in American political life – so far.
Why every time you read about Hillary Clinton is so refreshing? Her confidence provides safety and empowerment to so many. Did she really loose the nomination of the Democratic National Committee or was it the best thing that ever happened to Hillary Clinton? Hundreds of years will pass to see the phenomenon again. She exemplifies strength, courage and candor given to her by the people and the leaders of the world.
41. Learn the new words and word combinations.
| to pursue challenge, n to stride up to inseparable, a inquiry, n to chair insurance, n to ensure observation, n to suffocate controversy undiminished to emerge to declare infanticide violation, n commitment, n to define to endeavour to exemplify to expand glimpse | ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… | ставити за мету виклик широко ступати нерозлучний довідка призначати на посаду страхування забезпечувати, гарантувати спостереження душити дискусія не зменшений з’ясовувати проголошувати дітовбивство порушення зобов’язання визначати докладати зусиль бути прикладом поширюватися швидкий погляд |
42. Match the words and make up your own sentences with them.
| - appears - to pursue - undeterred - emerged - health - female - to catch - to exemplify | insurance coverage strength any career a glimpse by critics infanticide to be impossible as an international symbol |
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43. Find the sentences with the word combinations and write them out.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
44. Using the written out sentences make up a dialogue and act it out.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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45. Find the synonyms.
| - wrongdoing - monitoring - discussion - to announce - to guarantee - reference |
A. Write out the sentences with synonyms from the second column.
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B. Put the questions to the written out sentences.
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46. Work in pairs. Imagine that you are a student from foreign country and you know nothing about Hillary Clinton. Write 10 questions you’d like to ask your classmate about her life and interests.
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47. Read the following quotations of Hillary Clinton. Discuss them.
“Voting is the most precious right of every citizen, and we have a moral obligation to ensure the integrity of our voting process.”
“The American people are tired of liars and people who pretend to be something they ’ re not.”
“In the Bible it says they asked Jesus how many times you should forgive, and he said 70 times 7. Well, I want you all to know that I ’ m keeping a chart”.
“ I believe in a zone of privacy ”.
“ What we have to do... is to find a way to celebrate our diversity and debate our differences without fracturing our communities ”.
“ You show people what you ’ re willing to fight for when you fight your friends ”.
“The challenge is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, possible”.
48. Michael Gorbachev has always stated that he could not have accomplished all changes without the support of his strong and beloved wife Raisa: “She was my heart and soul who gave me the strength to make the most difficult decisions. Therefore she was the foundation for all I ever was able to achieve. Making the world a better place is never an easy task. But we all must find the strength to take the first step – even if the odds are against us. So let’s change the world for the better – together.”
Raisa Gorbachev,
Activist First Lady
“Youth is, after all, just a moment, but it is the moment,
the spark that you always carry in your heart”.
Raisa Gorbachev
Raisa Gorbachev, 67, whose stylish, forceful, and glamorous performance as the wife of the last Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, made her a lightning rod for attacks on her husband’s programs of economic and political reform.
Mikhail S. Gorbachev led the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, first as general secretary of the Communist Party and then as the president of the Soviet Union. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, survived an attempted coup by communist conservatives in 1991 and resigned the presidency at the end of that year when the Soviet Union voted itself out of existence.
Mrs. Gorbachev was a presence in her husband’s life in a way that was unprecedented in the Soviet experience. She appeared with him in public at home and abroad, served as his eyes and ears on her travels and was one of his closest advisers. Her activities were readily accepted in the West, but they were the subject of much criticism in the Soviet Union.
In any case, it was a long way from Mrs. Gorbachev’s humble origins. She was born Raisa Maksimova Titorenky on Jan. 5, 1932, in the village of Rubtsovsk, Siberia. She grew up in various parts of the Soviet Union where her father was employed as a railroad engineer.
She was a brilliant student and graduated from high school at the head of her class and with the coveted Gold Medal. This got her into the elite Moscow State University, where she studied philosophy. It was there that she met her future husband, a law student and the child of peasants. They were married in 1954. They were so poor that they had to borrow a pair of white shoes from a friend to complete her bridal outfit.
Mrs. Gorbachev earned a doctorate in sociology from the Lenin Pedagogical Institute in Moscow, having written a thesis called “The Emergence of New Characteristics in the Daily Life of Collective Farm Peasantry (Based on Sociological Investigation in Stavropol Territory)”. She taught at the Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
In 1978, the couple returned to Moscow. He entered the inner sanctum of Kremlin power. She joined the faculty of their alma mater. In 1985, she gave up teaching to become an unpaid member of his staff.
“I am very lucky with Mikhail”, she told an interviewer. “We are really friends, or if you prefer, we have great complicity”.
The Gorbachevs were beneficiaries of the Soviet system, but they were also keenly aware of the stagnation and contradictions that were such a prominent part of daily life.
They fit naturally into the “sixties generation”, which struggled to carry forward the efforts, began by former premier Nikita S. Khrushchev in the late 1950s, to shake off the Stalinist legacy of oppression and cruelty.
“We were bound first by our marriage, but also by our common views of life”, Mikhail Gorbachev wrote in his memoirs. “We both preached the principle of equality”.
Mrs. Gorbachev had many supporters as she found her own way, but there were raised eyebrows in one quarter or another about almost everything she did. Some of the criticism was personal, but much of it came from opponents of perestroika (economic reform) and glasnost (openness), the centerpieces of Gorbachev’s policies.
There were questions about activities that have been accepted as a matter of course for First Ladies in the West, such as accompanying her husband abroad and appearing with him in public at home. Once when she called her husband’s attention to a child during a meeting with ordinary citizens in a street, many Soviets were scandalized: a wife does not direct her husband in any way, particularly in public.
Although Mikhail Gorbachev never identified his wife as an adviser in public statements in Moscow, it was widely known abroad that he had done so. By his own account, he relied on her observations of conditions she observed in her travels around the Soviet Union.
“She visited the families of workers and the homes of peasants”, he wrote in his memoirs. “She went to new and old neighborhoods and got to know how medical institutions, household services, shops operated, how the municipal and rural markets worked. This was due both to her natural curiosity and to her professional interest as a sociologist”.
She visited victims of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster and worked to see that they were cared for, and she was the sponsor of a major pediatric hospital in the Soviet Union. She was a key figure in Soviet Cultural Foundation, which had contacts with similar organizations in other countries.
Mrs. Gorbachev also represented her husband at occasions he could not attend for political or other reasons.
Mrs. Gorbachev’s clothes – of a variety, quality and quantity not available to ordinary Soviet citizens – were another source of criticism, as was her manner. She was said to be “imperious”.
Last July, Raisa Gorbachev was diagnosed as suffering from leukaemia and, accompanied by Mikhail, travelled to Germany for treatment. His distress at her illness was painful. The couple received messages of sympathy from across the world, and even Boris Yeltsin sent condolences from the Kremlin and speeded up the issue of a passport for Raisa’s sister to travel to Germany and be tested as a possible bone marrow donor. But Raisa’s condition left her too weak to undergo an operation.
Raisa Gorbachev was loved abroad for bringing a dash of colour and a breath of warmth to Soviet politics, and hated at home for refusing to stay in the kitchen and support her husband from the sidelines. Although clumsy in her efforts to play the First Lady of the Kremlin, she undoubtedly helped her husband win the trust of the west.
While the west admired her intelligence and fashion sense – comparing her to Jackie Kennedy – her fellow Soviet citizens preferred another analogy. To them she was Tsarina Alexandra, the hated German wife of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, and, like Alexandra, she destroyed the country by meddling in political affairs. Hated or admired, Raisa will be remembered as one half of a devoted couple who changed the world.
49. Learn the new words and word combinations.
| unprecedented readily to be employed to covet peasant bridal outfit complicity stagnation contradiction to struggle oppression cruelty to preach to be accepted to accompany disaster, n condolence, n dash, n clumsy | ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… | безпрецедентний залюбки наймати на роботу жадати, намагатися селянин весільний одяг співучасть застій спростування боротися пригнічення жорстокість проповідувати бути визнаним супроводжувати лихо, катастрофа співчуття стрімкий рух нетактовний |
50. Match the word on the left with the correct meaning on the right.
| 1. dash 2. To preach 3. to struggle 4. peasant 5. condolence 6. contradiction 7. Oppression 8. source | А. a person who lives in the country; rustic B. to make known (religious truth) or give religious or moral instruction or exhortation in (sermons); C. the state of being subjugated in this way; D. an expression of sympathy with someone in grief, etc; E. a sudden quick movement; dart; F. the act of going against; opposition; denial; G. to go or progress with difficulty; H. the point or place from which something originates. |
51. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text and make up your own sentences with them.
| Noun | Verb |
| - smart - deadlock - disproof - depression - brutality - catastrophe - sympathy | - to hire - to wish - to wrestle |
| Adjective and Adv. | |
| - unparalleled - willingly |
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52. Complete these sentences with information from the text.
1. Raisa Gorbacheva was the sponsor of …..
2. Mrs. Gorbachev was a presence in her husband’s life in a way that ……
3. She met her future husband at ……………….
4. Mrs. Gorbachev had many supporters as she found her own way, but ….
5. Raisa Gorbachev was loved abroad for bringing a ……
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53. With her braided blonde hair, fiery speeches and designer outfits, Yulia Tymoshenko was nicknamed the “princess” by supporters of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution street protests. What else do you know about her?
Yulia Tymoshenko
“I do not seek power.
I simply offer the policy that is able
to revive my country”.
Yulia Tymoshenko
Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko (born 27 November 1960), Ukrainian politician, Ukraine’s first female prime minister. She is a leader of the All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland party and the Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc. Prior to that she was a successful businesswoman in the gas industry and became one of the wealthiest people in Ukraine.
Before becoming the prime minister, she was considered the most significant ally of opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko (she had been his deputy when he was prime minister), and had a very high profile during the 2004 presidential election. She was also one of the key leaders of the Orange Revolution inspired by those elections, which eventually brought Yushchenko to power. In this period, some Western media publications dubbed her “Joan of Arc of the Orange Revolution”. On 28 July 2005, Forbes magazine named her third most powerful woman in the world, behind only Condoleezza Rice and Wu Yi.
Tymoshenko was born in Dnipropetrovsk. Her origins have been the basis of some debate. Tymoshenko says she is half-Latvian on her father’s side and half-Ukrainian, on her mother’s side.
Tymoshenko married Oleksandr Tymoshenko, a son of a mid-level Soviet communist party bureaucrat, in 1979, and began rising through a number of positions under the Komsomol – Soviet official Communist youth organization. She graduated from Dnipropetrovs’k State University with a degree in economics in 1984, and went on to gain a candidate degree (the equivalent of a Ph.D.) in economics. She has since authored about 50 papers. In 1989, as part of the perestroika initiatives, she founded and headed a Komsomol’s video rental chain (which grew to be quite successful), and later privatized it.
Tymoshenko experienced a rise in power under the Soviet system, but it was after the demise of the Soviet Union that she rose to particular prominence, directing several energy-related companies and acquiring a significant fortune between 1990 and 1998. During privatisation in Ukraine, which mirrored that in Russia in terms of corruption and mismanagement, she became one of the wealthiest oligarchs in Ukraine, exporting metals. From 1995 to 1997, Tymoshenko was the president of the United Energy Systems of Ukraine, a privately owned middleman company which became the main importer of Russian natural gas in 1996. During that time she was nicknamed “gas princess” in the light of accusations she has been reselling enormous quantities of stolen Russian gas and avoiding taxation of those deals.
Tymoshenko made a move into politics in 1996, and was elected to the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) from the Kirovohrad oblast, winning a record 92.3% of the vote in her constituency. She was re-elected in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, she became the Chair of the Budget Committee of Verkhovna Rada.
From 1999 to 2001, Tymoshenko was the Deputy Prime Minister for fuel and energy sector in the cabinet of Viktor Yushchenko. She was fired by President Leonid Kuchma in January 2001 after developing a conflict with the oligarchs in the industry.
As energy Deputy Prime Minister, she virtually ended many corrupt arrangements in the energy sector. Under her stewardship, Ukraine’s revenue collections from the electricity industry grew by several thousand per cent. She scrapped the practice of barter in the electricity market, requiring industrial customers to pay for their electricity in cash. She also terminated exemptions for many organizations which excluded them from having their power disconnected. Her reforms meant that the government had sufficient funds to pay civil servants and increase salaries.
However, several months into her government, a failure to deliver on the promise of reform after the Orange Revolution began to damage Ms Tymoshenko’s administration. On 8 September 2005, after the resignation of several senior officials including the Head of the Security and Defence Council Petro Poroshenko and Deputy Prime Minister Mykola Tomenko, Yulia Tymoshenko’s government was dismissed by President Victor Yuschenko. She was succeeded by Yuriy Yehanurov, governor of Dnipropetrovsk province.
On 24 January 2005 she was appointed as acting Prime Minister of Ukraine under Yushchenko’s presidency. On 4 February 2005, at 2: 54 pm (Kyiv time), Yulia Tymoshenko was ratified by the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) by an overwhelming majority of 373 votes (226 were required for approval).
She remained Prime Minister until 8 September 2005, when her government was dismissed by President Yushchenko. Later, he criticized her work as head of government, suggesting it had led to an economic slowdown and political conflicts within the ruling coalition.
After her dismissal Tymoshenko started to tour the country in a bid to win the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as the leader of her Bloc. She soon made clear that she wanted the post of Prime Minister back.
The Bloc came second on the election, earning an estimated 130 seats and causing wide expectations that it may unite in coalition again with Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine party and the Socialist Party of Ukraine in order to keep the Party of Regions from gaining power. Tymoshenko again stated her desire to become Prime Minister in such a coalition since her party would be the biggest party in it. However, the negotiations between former revolutionary allies undergo with many difficulties and mutual public allegations.
After talks on May 5, Tymoshenko announced that a coalition between the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, Our Ukraine and Socialist parties should be finalized on May 10-11 and soon became the new premier minister.
In her new position, Yulia made bold moves toward re-privatizing industrial assets, leading to criticism, discontent, and her eventual removal from office by Yushchenko in 2005. Today, Tymoshenko continues her efforts as a “radical reformer.” Yulia is considered to be a likely candidate in the January 2010 Ukrainian presidential elections.
Yulia Tymoshenko urged the politics to create the Democratic coalition as soon as possible and to form a government in order to finally offer the people results that were awaited for the few years now.
54. Translate the new words and word combinations.
| braided blonde hair fiery ally eventually to dub prominence demise to acquire virtually revenue to require exemption to exclude failure resignation dismiss approval mutual assets to urge | ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… | білява коса палкий союзник зрештою давати прізвисько видатне становище передавати у спадщину досягати, оволодівати фактично річний дохід вимагати звільнення від податку вилучати невдача, провал відставка розпускати схвалення взаємний актив (фін.) примушувати |
55. Match the word on the left with the correct meaning on the right.
| 1. fiery 2. ally 3. eventually 4. prominence 5. to demise 6. to acquire 7. virtually 8. revenue 9. to require 10. to exclude 11. resignation 12. to dismiss 13. approval 14. mutual 15. to urge | А. resembling fire in heat, colour, ardour, etc; B. a country, person, or group allied with another; C. at the very end; finally; D. the state or quality of being prominent; E. the immediate transfer of sovereignty to a successor upon the death, abdication, etc., of a ruler (esp. in the phrase demise of the crown); F. to get or gain (something, such as an object, trait, or ability), esp more or less permanently; G. in effect though not in fact; practically; nearly; H. the income accruing from taxation to a government during a specified period of time, usually a year; I. to have need of; depend upon; want; J. to keep out; prevent from entering; K. the act of resigning; L. to remove or discharge from employment or service; M. formal agreement; sanction; N. common to or shared by both or all of two or more parties; O. to advocate or recommend earnestly and persistently; plead or insist on. |
A. Write out the sentences with synonyms from the second column.
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B. Put the questions to the written out sentences.
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56. Imagine that your friend doesn’t know anything about Yulia Tymoshenko’s life and activities. Make up your dialogue and answer all his questions about her.
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REVISION
1. A. Complete the table using the information from the previous texts. Try to compare such different lives in different countries of mentioned outstanding women.
| Name Childhood Features of her character Education Marriage Outstanding achievements and investigations People’s attitude to her career She died because… |
B. Answer the following questions. Discuss them in class.
1. What are the most marked characteristic of each of these women? Try to prove it. Use the information from the texts.
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2. What do you consider their greatest achievements?
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3. What do you most admire in these women?
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4. What do you most value in women?
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5. Which living woman do you most admire? Why?
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6. What is your present state of mind? If you were to die and come back as a person? Who do you think you would be? Why?
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7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a woman nowadays?
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8. How, in your view, was the men’s relationship to women changed since the 19 century?
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2. Project work
1. Find out as much as you can about a famous person in your own country.
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2. Where was this person born, and what did he or she do as a child?
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3. Why is this person famous now?
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4. What are the important things that he or she did?
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5. What are the good and bad things?
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