Motivation theories

Motivation is at the heart of your success. Because management is all about getting things done through others, the ability to get others to perform is critical. A crucial driver of organizational performance, motivation refers to the processes that determine how much effort will be spent to perform the job in order to meet organizational goals. A lack of motivation costs the company money — in terms of lost productivity and missed opportunities.

With downsizing and restructuring becoming commonplace in organizations, employee morale has become negatively impacted. This has made the motivation of the workforce even more important.

The old command-and-control methods of motivating are not suitable for to­day's environment of empowerment and teams. Providing one-size-fits-all rewards does not work with diverse workforce

No single theory captures the complexity of motivation in its entirety. You need to understand multiple theories, and then integrate them to get a more comprehen­sive understanding of how to better motivate your employees.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow developed a theory in 1943 to analyze what drives human behav­ior. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory explained human behavior in terms of needs.

His theory's underlying premise is that people must have their needs met in order io function effectively. These needs are ordered in a hierarchy.

Maslow suggested chat human behavior is first motivated by basic physiological needs. That is, you need food, water and air. Providing your employees with a suf­ficient remuneration, bonuses and breaks during their workday enables them to meet some of these basic physiological needs. Health-care programs, medical insurance and paid sick leaves also assist your employees in meeting these needs.

Once these needs arc fulfilled, people are motivated by safety needs. You can provide fulfillment of these needs for your employees by ensuring strict adherence to occupational safety rules and offering them some degree of job security.

Many of the benefits that companies offer, such as savings plans, stockpurchase plans and profit sharing programs, also fulfill the safety needs of employees. Even outplacement services to assist employees who were made redundant can address the safety needs: these services ease the pain of the layoff.

As this need is fulfilled, people progress up the pyramid to be motivated by social needs or belongingness. These retlect the need for affiliation, socialization and the need to have friends. Your company's social events provide opportunities for socialization. Corporate sponsorship of community events also provides an op­portunity for employees to make friends while giving something back to the com­munity.

As these needs are satiated, people are motivated by esteem needs. These needs involve gaining approval and status. You can help your employees fulfill these needs with recognition rewards such as plaques, trophies, and certificates.

And finally, the need for self-actualization — the need to reach your full poten­tial — drives people's behavior. In the words of the Armed Forces, this is " being all that you can be". Developing skills for your employees helps them to reach self-ac­tualization. While the first four needs can be fulfilled, the need for self-actualization cannot be satiated. Once you move toward your potential, you raise the bar and strive for more.