Pure and applied science

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As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms " pure" and " applied" science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each. Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.

Exact science in its generally accepted sense can be referred to as a family of specialized natural sciences, each of them providing evidence and information about the different aspects of nature by somewhat different working methods. It follows that mathematics in its pure sense does not enter into this frame, its object of study, being not nature itself Being independent of all observations of the outside world, it attempts to build logical systems based on axioms. In other words, it concentrates on formulating the language of mathematical symbols and equations which may be applied to the functional relations found in nature.

This " mathematization", in the opinion of most specialists, is witnessed first in physics which deals with general laws of matter and energy on subatomic, atomic and molecular levels. Further application of these mathematical laws and studies is made by chemistry and results in structural bonds between the elements of matter being established.

1. Does the author give definition of both " pure" and " applied" science? 2. Find the word which is used as an equivalent of " sciences". 3. When does a hypothesis become a principle of science? 4. What questions is the pure scientist concerned with? 5. Find the words equivalent to " how and why events occur". 6. What is usually disregarded by the pure scientist? 7. What is generally understood by exact science? 8. How does the author describe " specialized" natural sciences? 9. Why does mathematics not belong to this family? 10. What is the objective of mathematics? 11. Is there only one definition of the objective? 12. What does the application of mathematical laws in chemistry result in?