General understanding. Answer the questions

1. Call main building materials used by men in ancient times. What are differences between them due to climatic zones?

2. What did hardness of mudbrick depend upon?

3. Do you know how the ancient Egyptians discovered the secret of cutting stone for building purpose? Say in details.

4. What for did they erect huge construction?

5. How do you understand this expression “buildings in ancient Greece were beautiful as well as useful”? How could they do it?

6. What were differences between attitude to building of the Greeks and the Romans?

7. What kind of building materials did the Romans use and what did they build?

8. Can you explain work of a kiln? What is the purpose of its production?

9. How did a dome influence to building in ancient Rome?

10. What were differences of using building materials between the Greeks and the Romans?

11. Why did much of knowledge disappear almost completely after the fall of the Empire?

12. Can you call examples of Romanesque? What were differences between building in Roman style and this one?

13. Can you explain why steel is the useful building material?

14. What are differences between “pseudo concrete” and modern concrete? Which of them is much stronger and why?

Divide the text into logical parts and speak briefly about development of building step-by-step. Pay attention to the role of famous people in its history. Say in details about famous architects, builders and their creation found in the text

9. Listen to the text “How the Ancient Builders Put a Hand to the Development of Different Languages” and be ready to answer to the following test

Key – words:

1. to be lacking – быть недостаточным

2. to keep – хранить, содержать

3. heaven – небеса

4. angel – ангел

5. to order – приказать

6. to pile up – возводить

7. the east side – восточная сторона

8. stairway – лестница

9. the west – запад

10. load – груз

11. invader – захватчик, интервент

12. to cooperate – сотрудничать

13. to split – разделять

14. a tongue – язык

15. understandable – понятный

16. to lay – класть

17. a mess – беспорядок

18. to blame – обвинять

19. to be ruined – быть разрушенным

Test

“How the Ancient Builders Put a Hand to the Development of Different Languages”

1. In ancient Babylonia only one thing was lacking

a) men had only the earth to enjoy

b) God had kept heaven for everyone

c) the king of Babylonia was rich and powerful

2. The king of Babylonia decided ______, so he ordered _________.

a) to build a great tall tower, to keep heaven

b) to enjoy working together, to make bricks

c) to have heaven for his people, to build a tower

3. _________ men began making bricks and mixing mortar

a)60 000 b) 6 000 c) 600 000

4. Men carried bricks and mortar up a stairway ______ and walked down _______ of the tower.

a) west side, north side

b) east side, west side

c) east side, south side

5. The building went on for _______ until the Tower was _________.

a) 52 years, 207 miles high

b) 32 years, 20 miles high

c) 42 years, 27 miles high

6. When the Tower _____, God decided ______

a) was ruined, to reconstruct it

b) had risen nearly to heaven, to keep the invaders out

c) was being built, to cooperate with people

7. God sent _______ and gave order _______

a) 70 angels down to Earth, to take away common language

b) 17 orders, to creat a new tongue

c) 7 tongues, to split the people up into groups

8. No one man could _______ and everybody _______ for not understanding.

a) carry bricks, made mortar

b) work there any longer, laid the bricks

c) say an understandable word, blamed everybody

Imagine, that one of you is God, another student is the King of Babylonia and rest of the group are people of Babylonia. Act the situation what would happen if God could not split people into groups or the King could make people cooperate and finish building of the Tower

11. Write down the composition “History of Building”. Pay attention to the differences of using building materials in different periods and invention of new methods and constructive forms. Add some more information and facts to your composition