Cycle III. Topic Questions

WORKOFTHE HUMAN HEART

1. Through what vessels does the heart pump the blood to all the parts of the body? 2. What is the total weight of the blood pumped daily? 3. What is the rate of heart con­tractions regulated by? 4. How many beats does the heart make per minute? 5. What does the rate of the heartbeat depend on? 6. What composes the cardiac cycle? 7. What does each cardiac cycle consist of? 8. What part of the heart discharges out the blood to the systemic circulation? 9. Through what arteries is the blood carried to the pulmonary circulation? 10. What parts of the heart serve as the main pump? 11. What parts of the heart receive blood?

THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD

1. Where is the venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation brought to?

2. At what moment does the blood from the right atrium pass into the right ventricle?

3. Where is the blood pumped during the systole of the ventricle? 4. What circulation
does the venous blood enter when the right ventricle has pumped it into the pulmonary
artery? 5. What takes place in the lungs when the venous blood is brought there? 6. Where
does the oxygenated blood pass from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system?

7. Where is the oxygenated blood brought to after it has passed the four pulmonary veins?

8. Where is the arterial blood pumped from the left atrium and why? 9. Where is the
arterial blood pumped during the ventricular systole? 10. Where do the arteries carry
blood from the aorta?

THE CORPUSCULAR ELEMENTS OF BLOOD

1. What is blood? 2. What is blood composed of? 3. What is the count of white blood cells in a healthy person? 4. When may the number of white blood cells increase? 5. What cellular elements of blood are the most numerous ones? 6. What substance of the red cell is the most important one? 7. What is the total blood volume divided into? 8. What is the average volume of the blood? 9. What does the circulating volume of the blood depend on?

THE HEART SOUNDS

1. How many heart sounds can we usually hear while listening to the heart? 2. Which of the heart sounds is the longest? 3. When is the first heart sound heard? 4. What takes place in the heart when we hear the first heart sound? 5. When do we hear the second heart sound? 6. When may we hear the third heart sound in some persons? 7. Where is the first heart sound greater? 8. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 9. Why are the heart sounds very important in the clinical diagnosis?

SECHENOVAND HIS WORKS ON THE BLOOD GASES

1. Who was Sechenov? 2. Into how many works did he include the findings of his observations? 3. What were some of his research works connected with? 4. What did Sechenov find out when he isolated the blood gases? 5. What conclusion did he come to on the basis of his observations? 6. What couldn't many other physiologists estimate? 7. What is the accomplishment of the respiratory process due to? 8. What did Sechenov prove by his investigations on the process of absorption of carbon dioxide? 9. What is the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs due to?

1. a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology; 2. into 106 scientific works; 3. with the investigation of the blood gases and their role to the respiratory process; 4. that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes; 5. that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process; 6. they could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration; 7. due to hemoglobin; 8. that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved in plasma; the rest was combined with red blood cells; 9. is due to the law of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OFTHE LUNGS

1. What is the physiology of the lungs associated with? 2. What does this particular structure of the lungs enable them to do? 3. What enables the lungs to dilate? 4. When does the number of the opened alveoli and capillaries increase? 5. When does the flow of blood into the lungs increase? 6. When does the flow of blood into the lungs decrease? 7. What vital capacity have the lungs in the adult? 8. When may the vital capacity of the lungs be 6 litres and even more? 9. What do the lungs take part in?

THE BRAIN

1. What system of the human body is our brain included into? 2. What is the weight of the human brain? 3. How many cells does the brain consist of? 4, By what is each cell

of the brain connected to every other one? 5. What comes into the brain through the spinal cord? 6. What do these stimuli come to the brain from? 7. What do the stimuli tell the brain about? 8. What does the brain do in answer to all the stimuli? 9. What does the motor cortex control? 10. Which of the parts of the brain the motor cortex or the hypo-thalamus becomes tired rapidly?

SLEEP

1. When does the process of inhibition begin to act? 2. What doesn't the process of inhibition allow new stimuli to do? 3 What must the nervous cells be well supplied with to provide the smooth work of the brain? 4. What must any human being have for this purpose? 5. When does one fall asleep? 6. What is restored when one sleeps? 7 Which is *" more important for a human being, sleep or food? 8. What changes take place in the human body during a sound quite sleep?