Define about Monosemy and polysemy, give examples.

Polysemy (/pə ˈ lɪ sɨ mi/ or /ˈ pɒ lɨ siː mi/; [1][2] from Greek: π ο λ υ -, poly-, " many" and σ ῆ μ α, sê ma, " sign") is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or symbol) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses), usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field. It is thus usually regarded as distinct from homonymy, in which the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.

Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins’ definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the ‘inner’ one contributes to understanding of the ‘outer’ one.[3]

Polysemy is a pivotal concept within disciplines such as media studies and linguistics. The analysis of polysemy, synonymy, and hyponymy and hypernymy is vital to taxonomy and ontology in the information-science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning, because they rely on word-sense disambiguation and schemas.

Examples

Man

· The human species (i.e., man vs. animal)

· Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)

· Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

Mole

· a small burrowing mammal

· consequently, there are several different entities called moles (see the Mole disambiguation page). Although these refer to different things, their names derive from 1.: e.g. A Mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected.

Bank

· a financial institution

· the building where a financial institution offers services

· a synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. " I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1.

However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning.River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.

Monosemy is the absence of semantic ambiguity in language, i.e. only having one meaning per word. The majority of natural human languages are polysemous, i.e. having more than one meaning per word. The artificial language Lojban and its predecessor Loglan represent attempts at creating monosemous languages. Monosemy is important for translation and semantic computing.

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