Major refinery products

(https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html)

Gasoline. The most important refinery product is motor gasoline, a blend of hydrocarbons with boiling range s from ambient temperature s to about 400 °F. The important qualities for gasoline are octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control). Additives are often used to enhance performance and provide protection against oxidation and rust formation.

Kerosene. Kerosene is a refined middle-distillate petroleum product that finds considerable use as a jet fuel and around the world in cooking and space heating. When used as a jet fuel, some of the critical qualities are freeze point, flash point, and smoke point. Commercial jet fuel has a boiling range of about 375°-525° F, and military jet fuel 130°-550° F. Kerosene, with less-critical specifications, is used for lighting, heating, solvents, and blending into diesel fuel.

Vocabulary:

1. ref i nery products - продукты нефтепереработки
2. g a soline - бензин
3. blend - смесь; сочетание
4. boiling range - интервал кипения (температурный)
5. a mbient temperature - температура окружающей среды
6. antiknock - детонационная стойкость
7. volat i lity - летучесть
8. starting - начало кипения
9. vapor lock - газовая пробка
10. additives - присадки (дополнительные вещества / реагенты) к нефтепродуктам
11. to enh a nce perf o rmance - повышать производительность
12. middle-distillate - средний дистиллят
13. jet fuel - реактивное топливо
14. space heating - отопление помещений
15. flash point - температура вспышки (топлива)
16. smoke point - температура дымообразования
17. comm e rcial fuel - промышленное топливо
18. specifications - технические характеристики
19. s o lvent - растворитель

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). LPG, which consists principally of propane and butane, is produced for use as fuel and is an intermediate material in the manufacture of petrochemicals. The important specifications for proper performance include vapor pressure and control of contaminant s.

Distillate Fuels. Diesel fuels and domestic heating oils have boiling ranges of about 400°-700° F. The desirable qualities required for distillate fuels include controlled flash and pour point s, clean burning, no deposit formation in storage tanks, and a proper diesel fuel cetane rating for good starting and combustion.

Vocabulary:

1. liquefied - сжиженный
2. interm e diate mat e rial - промежуточный материал / промежуточное вещество
3. cont a minant - загрязнитель; примесь
4. pour point - точка / температура текучести
5. clean burning - полное сгорание
6. dep o sit formation - осадкообразование

Residual Fuels. Many marine vessels, power plants, commercial buildings and industrial facilities use residual fuel s or combinations of residual and distillate fuels for heating and processing. The two most critical specifications of residual fuels are viscosity and low sulfur content for environmental control.

Coke and Asphalt. Coke is almost pure carbon with a variety of uses from electrodes to charcoal briquette s. A sphalt, used for roads and roofing materials, must be inert to most chemicals and weather conditions.

Solvents. A variety of products, whose boiling points and hydrocarbon composition are closely controlled, are produced for use as solvents. These include benzene, toluene, and xylene.

Vocabulary:

1. res i dual fuel - остаточное топливо
2. environmental control - контроль состояния окружающей среды
3. pure carbon - чистый углерод (уголь)
4. charcoal briquette - прессованный древесный уголь
5. in e rt to smth. [i`nə: t] - невосприимчивый к чему-л.
6. xyl e ne [ksai`li: n] - ксилол (применяющийся в качестве растворителя и

промежуточного продукта для получения красителей)

Petrochemicals. Many products derived from crude oil refining, such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene, are primarily intended for use as petrochemical feedstock in the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber s, and other products.

Lubricants. Special refining processes produce lubricating oil base stocks. Additives such as demulsifier s, antioxidant s, and viscosity improvers are blended into the base stocks to provide the characteristics required for motor oils, industrial grease s, lubricants, and cutting oil s. The most critical quality for lubricating-oil base stock is a high viscosity index, which provides for greater consistency under varying temperatures.

Vocabulary:

1. derived from - образованный от / в результате
2. butylene - бутилен (C4H8 - непредельный углеводород; бесцветный газ с

характерным запахом, температура кипения − 6.6 °C)

1. isobutylene - изобутилен ((СН3)2С=СН2 - ненасыщенный углеводород; содержится

в газах крекинга нефти)

1. feedstock - сырьё; исходный материал
2. synth e tic rubber - синтетический каучук
3. demulsifier - деэмульгатор (поверхностно активное вещество, способное

адсорбироваться на поверхности глобул воды в нефти и в маслах,

разрушая при этом защитные плёнки, препятствующие слиянию и

осаждению частиц воды)

1. anti o xidant - противоокислительная присадка / противоокислитель
2. grease - смазочное вещество; консистентный смазочный материал
3. cutting oil - охлаждающее масло; эмульсия для охлаждения и смазки режущих

инструментов

1. provide for - обеспечивать; обусловливать; способствовать
2. cons i stency - устойчивость