Petroleum refining operations

(https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html)

INTRODUCTION. Petroleum refining begins with the distillation, or fractionation, of crude oils into separate hydrocarbon groups. The resultant products are directly related to the characteristics of the crude processed. Most distillation products are further converted into more usable products by changing the size and structure of the hydrocarbon molecules through cracking, reforming, and other conversion processes as discussed in this chapter. These converted products are then subjected to various treatment and separation processes such as extraction, hydrotreating, and sweetening to remove undesirable constituents and improve product quality. Integrated refineries incorporate fractionation, conversion, treatment, and blending operations and may also include petrochemical processing.

Vocabulary:

1. petroleum ref i ning - переработка нефти; очистка нефти и нефтепродуктов
2. s e parate groups - различные / обособленные группы
3. res u ltant products - продукты, получаемые в результате каких-л. процессов
4. related to smth. - относящийся к; имеющий отношение к чему-л.
5. u sable - пригодный для использования; пригодный к эксплуатации
6. cracking - крекинг; процесс расщепления нефти
7. ref o rming - реформинг; переработка нефтепродуктов (главным образом,

бензиновых и лигроиновых фракций нефти)

1. subj e ct to smth. - подвергать чему-л.
2. tr ea tment - технологическая обработка
3. undes i rable const i tuents - нежелательные компоненты
4. blending - смешивание (различных сортов нефти)

REFINING OPERATIONS. Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas:

1. Fractionation (distillation) is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boiling-point ranges called " fractions" or " cut s."

2. Conversion processes change the size and/or structure of hydrocarbon molecules. These processes include:

3. Decomposition (dividing) by thermal and catalytic cracking;

4. Unification (combining) through alkylation and polymerization; and

5. Alteration (rearranging) with isomerization and catalytic reforming.

Vocabulary:

1. cuts - светлые фракции при разгонке
2. alkylation - алкилирование (введение алкильной группы в молекулу

органического соединения)

1. polymerization - полимеризация; процесс образования полимерных молекул из

мономеров

1. alteration (rearranging) - изменение (химического состава / структуры)

Treatment processes are intended to prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional processing and to prepare finished products. Treatment may include the removal or separation of aromatics and naphthenes as well as impurities and undesirable contaminant s. Treatment may involve chemical or physical separation such as dissolving, absorption, or precipitation using a variety and combination of processes including desalting, drying, hydrodesulfurizing, solvent refining, sweetening, solvent extraction, and solvent dewaxing.

Vocabulary:

1. imp u rities - примеси
2. cont a minant - загрязняющее вещество
3. dissolving - растворение
4. absorption - поглощение промывочной жидкости; потеря циркуляции;

уход промывочной жидкости

1. precipitation - выделение осадка
2. solvent refining - очистка селективными растворителями; селективная очистка
3. solvent dewaxing - депарафинизация растворителями

Formulating and Blending is the process of mixing and combining hydrocarbon fractions, additives, and other components to produce finished products with specific performance properties.

Other Refining Operations include: light-ends recovery; sour-water stripping; solid waste and wastewater treatment; process-water treatment and cooling; storage and handling; product movement; hydrogen production; acid and tail-gas treatment; and sulfur recovery.

Auxiliary operations and facilities include: steam and power generation; process and fire water systems; flares and relief systems; furnaces and heaters; pumps and valves; supply of steam, air, nitrogen, and other plant gases; alarm s and sensors; noise and pollution controls; sampling, testing, and inspecting; and laboratory, control room, maintenance, and administrative facilities.

Vocabulary:

1. formul a ting - образование смеси
2. spec i fic perf o rmance - удельная производительность; удельная характеристика
3. light-ends rec o very - извлечение лёгких фракций
4. sour-water stripping - отгонка (отдувка) кислой воды; отпарка кислых стоков
5. solid waste treatment - обезвреживание твёрдых отходов
6. wastewater treatment - очистка / обработка сточных вод
7. pr o cess-water treatment - подготовка технологической воды
8. cooling - охлаждение; выдерживание опасных отходов

(особенно, радиоактивных)

1. handling - техническое обслуживание; погрузка, разгрузка и транспортировка
2. a cid treatment - кислотная очистка сырой нефти
3. tail-gas treatment - обработка остаточного газа
4. aux i liary operations - вспомогательные операции
5. power generation - получение энергии; производство электроэнергии
6. process system - система подготовки продукции
7. fire water system - система пожарного водоснабжения
8. flare system - факельная система; система сброса газа
9. rel ie f system - (техника) система сброса
10. al a rm - механизм автоматической сигнализации
11. sampling - взятие проб (образцов)
12. contr o l room - пост управления и контроля; пульт управления
13. maint e nance fac i lity - зона технического обслуживания

TASKS

1. Dictation (Text # 3)

2. Dictation (Text # 4)

3. Participle I. Participle II. “-ing” and “-ed”.

4. Самостоятельная работа по п. 3.