A brief history of Cambridge

1. Cambridge was founded in 875 when the Danes conquered Eastern England. They created a fortified town called a burh, from which the word borough derives. Cambridge was surrounded by a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. However in 1010 Cambridge was burned by the Danes. That was an easy task when all the buildings were of wood.

2. By the 10th century Cambridge was also the administrative centre for the area and so it was a town of some importance, although it would seem tiny to us. By 1086 Cambridge probably had a population of about 2, 000. By the standards of the time it was a medium sized town.

3. Later in the Middle Ages the population of Cambridge probably rose to about 3, 000. In 1068 William the Conqueror visited Cambridge and ordered that a castle be built there. At first it was of wood but in the 12th century, it was rebuilt in stone. The town of Cambridge was severely damaged by a fire in 1174. Fire was a constant hazard when most buildings were of wood with thatched roofs. Another fire raged in Cambridge in 1385.

4. In the Middle Ages Cambridge had a weekly market and by the early 13th century it also had a fair. In those days fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year for a period of a few days- People came from all over Eastern England at a Cambridge fair. Cambridge prospered because it was located on the river Cam. In Cambridge there was a leather industry. By the 15th century there was also a wool industry.

5. In 1728 it was estimated that the population of Cambridge was more than 6, 000, 1, 600 of whom were inhabitants of the university. By the standards of that time Cambridge was a big town. The first newspaper in Cambridge appeared in 1744. The first bank in Cambridge was opened in 1780.

6. The railway reached Cambridge in 1845. It stimulated the growth of industry in Cambridge by connecting the town to a huge market in London. From the late 19th century a new industry of making scientific instruments grew up in Cambridge. Cambridge gained gas light in 1823.

7. From 1880 horse drawn trams ran in the streets of Cambridge. The first electricity was generated in Cambridge in 1893. In the 20th century the university, while still important, did not dominate Cambridge. New industries of electronics grew up. Making surgical and scientific instruments was also important. Cambridge was made a city in 1951. The first cinema in Cambridge opened in 1910. Today Cambridge has a population of 109, 000 people.

Задание № 2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. When was Cambridge founded?

2. What happened in Cambridge in 1174 and l385?

3. When did they begin to hold fairs?

4. When did the railway reach Cambridge?

5. When did Cambridge become a city?

6. How many people live in Cambridge nowadays?

Задание № 3. Прочтите текст, раскройте скобки, употребив выделенные глаголы в нужной видовременной форме (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple):

LIFE AT UNIVERSITY – A STUDENT WRITES

I (to enjoy) business studies at school and wanted to increase my knowledge of the subject so I (to decide) to study it at university. I knew it (will) be useful later when I (to look) for a job. At first, the course (be not) quite what I had expected because it (do not) cover the subjects I (be) particularly interested in.We spent lots of time studying a range of subjects like law and economics but I soon (to realize) these (be) things you need to understand. In class we work in groups, preparing ideas, we then (to share) them with the others. Now we (be) learning how to make business plans and we can see how they would actually apply to the world of business. We (to have) a very busy social life at university so whatever subject you study, you must (be) keen on it or you (will not) make yourself find the time to study.

Задание № 4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях предлогами места, времени и движения:

1. See you …. Monday … about 11.30 then.

2. He arrived just … time to catch the bus.

3. I’m busy …. the weekend – can we meat …. next Thursday?

4. We usually go away …. weekends but we stay at home …. Christmas and Easter.

5. I’d never go to the cemetery …. midnight or …. dawn.

6. I’m so happy. …. five days I’ll be a graduate and this …. autumn I’m going to work.

7. I’ve been invited to a wedding …. 14 February.

8. The telephone and the doorbell rang …. the same time.

9. There was a long queue of people ….. the bus station.

10. My brother lives … a small village …. the south-west of England.

Задание № 5. В предложениях вставьте правильные предлоги после глаголов и прилагательных. В некоторых случаях предлог не требуется:

1. You always blame me …… things that are not my fault.

2. The comedian is famous …… his brilliant impersonations of politicians.

3. Many people believe ….. life after death.

4. I am depending ….. you to help me organize the wedding reception.

5. Mr. Nichols accused his secretary ….. stealing money from the till.

6. He is a very cheerful person who gets …. with everyone he meets.

7. You can’t rely …. Jim to get here on time.

8. Our boss insists ….. everyone being very smartly dressed.

9. Bad weather prevented the ship ….. departing.

10. Mrs Jacobs was very proud …. her daughter for winning the race.

Задание № 6. Напишите нижеприведенные предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной форме:

1. I looked everywhere for the book.

2. The story could be true.

3. He looked very carefully and saw somebody in the distance.

4. We have a really good holiday.

5. We managed to find the restaurant you recommended.

6. I tried to phone you last week.

7. It rained every day during their holiday.

8. You will have to go to the doctor.

9. I had to work late yesterday evening.

10. I’ll have to get up early tomorrow.

Задание № 7. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, употребив прилагательные в скобках в необходимой степени сравнения:

1. I’d like to have a (reliable) car. The one I’ve got keeps breaking down.

2. Unfortunately her illness (serious) we thought at first.

3. Health and happiness are (important) than money.

4. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been (simple).

5. I’m afraid the problem is much (complicated) it seems.

6. As I waited for my interview, I become (nervous).

7. I’m sorry. I’m late. I got here as (fast) as I could.

8. We stayed at (cheap) hotel in the town.

9. I wasn’t feeling well yesterday, but I feel a bit (good) today.

10. It was an awful day. It was (bad) day of my life.

Задание № 8. Выберите из данных глаголов (а-d) тот, который больше всего подходит к данному предложению:

1. Helen …… to leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch.

a) Must b) had to c) should d) will

2. I …… be able to speak better if I practice more.

a) Should b) must c) will d) can

3. When I first came to Madrid I …… speak only a few words of Spanish.

a) Can b) will c) could d) should

4. I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t …… to get up early.

a) Have b) should c) may d) can

5. I don’t think they ……. get married.

a) ought b) should c) had to d) might

6. The story ….. be true, but I don’t think it is.

a) Have b) shall c) could d) had to

7. We ……. all work together to save our planet.

a) Ought b) may c) must d) had

8. You …… eat so many sweets if you want to lose weight.

a) shouldn’t b) ought c) must to d) have

9. You don’t ……. to book your train ticket in advance, you can buy it on the train.

a) Can’t b) must c) should d) have

10. Many accidents……. by dangerous driving.

a) Is caused b) causes c) are caused d) caused

Задание № 9. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. На каком языке говорит эта женщина?

2. На прошлом занятии учитель объяснил новое грамматическое правило.

3. После того, как она получила среднее образование, она начала работать секретарем.

4. Наши студенты сдают экзамены дважды в год.

5. Первый семестр в институте длится четыре месяца.

6. Целью нового метода является улучшение качества образования.

7. После окончания университета, несколько студентов будут работать на автомобильном заводе.

8. На каждой лекции студенты узнают о некоторых важных фактах в различных областях науки.

9. Если вы не знаете некоторые слова, можете использовать словарь.

10. Эта программа включает много теоретических предметов.

Задание № 10. Употребите слова в скобках в необходимой по контексту грамматической форме и заполните пропуски в предложениях полученными словами:

1. Young people nowadays expect to have a lot of ……. (Depend).

2. This dress is too short, we must ….. it (long).

3. This washing machine is ….. cheap, if you look at its quality (compare).

4. Dr. Jones works as an …. to the local government (advice).

5. We had a long …. about modern art (discuss).

6. These great explorers had to face …. dangers and hardships (imaginable).

7. She has also received an …… to work in Australia (invite).

8. Her big ….. is to work in the same field as her father (ambitious).

9. He hopes to …. in Architecture at university (special).

10. Life in our village is very …. (peace).

ВАРИАНТ №4

Задание № 1. Прочтите текст и переведите на русский язык: