Interior Control , Planning for Use . Differentiation and Economic Planning .

Interior Control. The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete, since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces and by special conditioning devices.

Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors, walls, ceilings and furnishings.

Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods have become basic parts of the architectural program.

Planning for use. While environmental planning produces

comfort for the senses (sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes (respiration), planning for use or function is concerned with convenience of movement and rest.

Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of the culture and the habits and activities of the individual patrons. A primitive house has a single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has a separate areas for cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage and recreation. A meeting – house with a single hall is sufficient for Quaker religious services, while a Roman Catholic cathedral may require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory.

Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land,

materials, and labour. In each case they are high when the commodity is scarce and low when it is abundant, and they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive.

When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the space that otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient Roman insula (apartment houses) or the modern skyscraper. When the choice of materials is influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials. High labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, consequently, of materials.

Vocabulary:

# extreme - крайня степiнь;

# to penetrate - проникати;

# the senses - органи вiдчуттiв;

# respiration - дихання;

# patron - покровитель, замовник, клiєнт;

# meeting – house - дiм молитви;

# aisle - боковий неф;

# chapel - каплиця;

# crypt - склеп;

# sacristy - ризниця;

# ambulatory - крита внутрiшня галерея;

# commodity - товари, предмети споживання;

# scarce - скудний;

# abundant - що є в достатку, у великiй кiлькостi;

# otherwise - в iншому випадку.