Vocabulary notes. immunity [I'mju:nItI] неприкосновенность, иммунитет congressional immunity неприкосновенность члена

§ Words and Grammar

a Find the English equivalents in the text:

признать ответственность...........................................................................................................................

ответственность государства......................................................................................................................

право личной неприкосновенности............................................................................................................

пользоваться неприкосновенностью..........................................................................................................

предстать перед судом................................................................................................................................

поддерживать мнение.................................................................................................................................

приказ свыше...............................................................................................................................................

относиться к ним как к обычным преступникам.....................................................................................

b Match the words which are close in their meanings:

с Match the words having opposite meaning:

d Mark (with a tick) the meaning in which the following words are used in the text:

e Choose the correct preposition and make a few sentences with these phrases:

to cope with/in perpetrators

to admit responsibility of/to the act

the responsibility is limited to/in liability for/in reparations

to be contrary to/with international practice

to be subjected to/with New Zealand law

sporadic violence of/off Stateboundaries

to spy in/at plain clothes

f Insert the correct article, if necessary:

It is not strongly supported in... law.

part of... positive international law

in... international law

in... New Zealand law

to be charged with... murder and... arson

to stand... trial

... Nü rnberg Charter

... President Eisenhower

g Use the correct forms of the verbs:

1 This concept (not to support) strongly in law.

2 After the French agents (to charge) with murder and arson, the French government (to admit) responsibility.

3 The French government (to be willing) to apologise.

4 They (to subject) to New Zealand law.

5 New Zealand (to treat) the agents as common criminals.

h Underline the participles and translate the following into Russian:

the concept widely used in practice.....................................................................................................................

the Nü rnberg Charter adopted by a UN Resolution............................................................................................

situations including this incident.........................................................................................................................

perpetrators making illegal entries......................................................................................................................

an established practice.........................................................................................................................................

codified legal provision.......................................................................................................................................

a camouflaged plane............................................................................................................................................

i Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1 A State which sends agents is liable rather than the agents themselves.

2 The individuals are increasingly recognised as subjects of international law.

3 The agents are the means by which these acts are carried out.

4 Superior orders was no defence either in international law or in New Zealand law.

5 It has been impossible to establish immunity from local jurisdiction.

6 Powers stood trial in the then USSR.

7 In another incident the Swedish authorities assumed jurisdiction without the other side's permission.

j Write out all the words and expressions associated with immunity from the text.

§ Suggested activities

k Find the answers in the text:

1 How does law treat State criminality and responsibility?

2 How does law treat individuals involved in such cases?

3 What was France's view on this case before the agents stood trial?

4 What was the position of New Zealand government?

l Complete these question:

1 Were the French agents codified as spies or.........................................?

2 Did the Americans recognise Powers was a spy when.........................?

3 How did Sweden react when a Soviet submarine..................................?

m Agree or disagree and substantiate your viewpoint:

1 Spies exist only in time of war.

2 New Zealand had every reason to treat the French agents as common criminals.

Text 5

The Rainbow Warrior affair bolsters the notion that there is an international doctrine of non-intervention. France was obliged to recognise this, and also to make restitution for contravening the doctrine outlawing armed attack. Further, the case may have a positive long-term benefit in drawing attention to those areas of deficiency, remarked upon by Falk, Lauchterpracht, Crawford and others, in both the substantive rule of international law and its procedures, especially concerning immunity, low-level force, and peacetime espionage. Certainly in government torts the international trend in State practice is to restrict State immunity and assert local jurisdiction, to the extent that it has been said to contribute to the «demystification of the State as a supreme being».

Jurists will note that the outcome of the intergovernment dispute was based on an individual's concept of fairness, producing a ruling rather than a legal judgement. De Cuellar resisted any attempt to imbue the case with theoretical significance or to refer to norms – though no doubt legality as well as practicality formed part of his private deliberations. Yet in so far as the settlement can be considered as an example of State practice, it significantly challenges the principle that either a State or its agents – but not both – are liable for acts contrary to law outside the Geneva Conventions.