Exercises. 4. Memorize the following definitions:

4. Memorize the following definitions:

1. The machine language is such a language which can immediately be obeyed by a computer without translation. 2. The assembly language is a symbolic programming language which allows the programmers to write their programs at the machine language level. 3. The assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language. 4. A source program is a program written in a source language (ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/1, etc.) which cannot be directly processed by a computer but requires translation into the object program. 5. An object program is a program which is written in the machine code capable of being directly understood by the computer in the form required for running.

5. Answer the following questions:

1. What spectrum of languages does the user have at his disposal? 2. Which languages do you call " low level"? 3. Which languages are the best for machine? 4. Which languages are the best for programmer? 5. What language do you call a machine language? 6. How is an instruction usually written in a machine language? 7. When is the mnemonic form of the machine language used and why? 8. Does the assembly language use symbolic addresses? 9. What advantages to using the assembly language do you know? 10. What is a disadvantage of the assembly language? 11. Which program can the computer directly understand? 12. What is an assembler? 13. What does a USING instruction indicate? 14. What does the BALR instruction mean? 15. What is the distinction between BALR and USING? 16. What is a source program? 17. What is an object program?

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words given below:

a) to provide – обеспечивать; снабжать; предусматривать

providing – обеспечение; при условии, если только; в том случае, если

provided – обеспеченный; предусмотренный; снабженный; при условии, если только; в том случае, если

1. The system control section provides the normal CPU operation. 2. A set of instructions is provided for the logical processing of data. 3. All branching operations are provided in the standard instruction set. 4. After providing this command the channel can communicate with other devices on the interface. 5. The process could be repeated, providing we wanted to receive the final results. 6. In this case the channel refers to a location not provided in the system. 7. Any main storage location provided in the system can be used to transfer data to or from an I/O device, provided that during an input operation the location is not protected.

b) both of – оба

both…and... – как..., так и...; и... и...

1. Both diagrams shown in Fig. 10 are easy to understend.2. Both of devices have been designed by our postgraduate students. 3. If decimal arithmetic is provided, both operands and results are located in storage. 4. Both punched cards and punched paper tapes are used for accepting information.

с) but – но; лишь; только; кроме; однако

1. Individual computers differ, but enough similarity exists to make a general discussion of the more important points helpful. 2. Chess for mathematicians is but a means to show the ability to compile a program. 3. Because of the millions of characters of information that can be stored, magnet­ic tapes are common with all but the smallest computers. 4. But in future the machines will be able to solve many problems which today are in the competence of man.

d) since – так как; с тех пор как; с тех пор; с

1. Ch. Babbage's machine could not operate since there was no reliable and accurate electrical equipment at the beginning of the 18th century. 2. We have been ready to begin our experiments since yesterday. 3. Since the beginning of the 40s the computing technique has started to develop successfully. 4. Since electronics became known, it began to be used in nearly all branches of industry. 5. Our lecturer left for Moscow and we have never seen him since.

e) a result – результат; следствие

as a result – в результате

to result in – давать в результате; приводить к результату

to result from – являться результатом; вытекать из результата

1. After performing computations a computer displays the results. 2. The detection of mistakes (errors) in a program results in a program interruption. 3. The protection of a computer is recorded in bits 0 – 3 as a result of the channel operation. 4. These data result from the comparison operation. 5. The importance of the microprocessors results from their ability to process information with unimaginable (невообразимый) speeds. 6. The achievements of the Soviet science have resulted in a triumph for our country in many fields of science.

7. Read Text В without a dictionary. Try to get the main idea of each paragraph. Render the text in Russian:

TEXT B