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Text B.THE ELECTRIC.






UNIT 1

Text A. From the History of the Automobile.

1. Read and translate the text.

 

The word automobile is not English. It consists of two words: autos and mobilis. Autos is a Greek word meaning " self, mobilis - a Latin word meaning " movable". The two words taken together mean " self-moving". Thus, an automobile means a self-moving vehicle. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along roads unprovided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.

The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extent for the progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.

Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor.

One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was sug­gested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles per hour.

In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage.

In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gearbox.

In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.

In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: " When the vehicle appears i n the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted."

 

Active vocabulary

account — счет, расчет, подсчет

adapt — приспосабливать, адаптировать

agencies of transportation and communication — средства транспорта и дорож­ное сообщение

arise from (arose, arisen) — возникать из

achieve — достигать

achievement — достижение

appear — появляться

attempt — попытка; пытаться, делать попытку

brakes — тормоза

cease — переставать, прекращать

decisive factor — решающий фактор

develop — разрабатывать, развивать

development — разработка, развитие

differ — отличаться, различаться

drive (drove, driven) — приводить в движение; управлять (автомобилем)

driver — водитель, приводное устройство, драйвер

driving belt — приводной ремень

driving axle — ведущий мост, ведущая ось

engine — двигатель

escort — препровождать, эскортировать; эскорт, конвой

economic development — экономическое развитие

gear — шестерня

gearbox — коробка передач

issue — выпуск, проблема, издание, спорный вопрос

lag — отставание, запаздывание; отставать, зазор, сдвиг

luxury — роскошь

mechanical power — механическая сила

motor cars were outlawed — легковые автомобили были запрещены

matter of luxury — предмет роскоши

mean (meant) — означать, подразумевать, намереваться; средний, подлый, скупой

means — средства (для достижения чего-либо)

motor — двигатель, мотор, автомобильный; (ехать) везти на автомобиле

motor car — легковой автомобиль

move — двигать; ход

movement — движение

propel — двигать, приводить в движение

propel a vehicle by mechanical power — приводить в движение транспортное средство механической силой

propellant — движущая сила

provide — обеспечивать

provided with — обеспеченный, снабженный

road maintenance, improvement and construction — поддержание, обслужива­ние и строительство дорог

restriction — предел

roller — ролик, подшипник

self-propelled — самодвижущийся

self-propelled vehicle — самодвижущееся транспортное средство

steam— пар

steam-driven engine — двигатель, приводимый в движение паром; паровой двигатель

suggest — предлагать

self-moving vehicle — самодвижущееся транспортное средство

since — с тех пор, так как, потому что

substantially — главным образом

three-wheeled carriage — трехколесный экипаж

vehicle — транспортное средство

well adapted for ordinary road conditions — хорошо приспособлен­ный для обычных дорожных условий

 

2. Answer the following questions:

 

1) What is the origin of the word automobile?

2) What fact does the role and importance of the automobile arise from?

3) Why does the automobile play an important part in the economic development in many countries?

4) Is the motor car a product of a single inventor?

5) When was the first self-propelled vehicle constructed?

6) What elements did the Russian inventor Kulibin use for the first time in his vehicle?

7) Did the progress of motor cars meet with great opposition?

3. Match the following English words and Russian equivalents:

 

consist of motor car develop
mean importance account
move arise from agency
take provide since
self substantially cease
vehicle differ luxury

 

achieve steam restriction appear
single drive famous escort
propel brakes limit driver
suggest roller law prosecute
build gearbox buy gear
engine lag issue box

 

разрабатывать состоять из автомобиль

расчет означать важность

средство двигать возникать из

с тех пор брать обеспечивать

переставать сам главным образом

роскошь транспортное средство различаться

 

ограничение достигать появляться пар

известный один препровождать управлять

предел двигать водитель тормоза

закон предлагать привлекать к суду ролик

покупать строить шестерня коробка

передач

проблема двигатель коробка отставать

 

4. Translate the following words and combinations:

 

two words taken together, self-moving vehicle, unprovided with rails, agencies of transportation and communication, well adapted for ordinary road conditions, a matter of luxury, a decisive factor, economic development, the world at large, a great number of, to a large extent, road maintenance improvement and construction, mechanical power, to propel a vehicle by mechanical power, self-propelled vehicle, a steam-driven engine, a three-wheeled carriage, legislative acts, motor cars were outlawed.

 

5. Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences:

 

An automobile means __________

The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can _________rails.

The automobile is a vehicle ______ for ordinary road conditions.

The automobile has become ______ in the economic _______ of many сountries.

Like most other great human ______, the motor car is not the product of __________.

In his vehicle Kulibin used for the first time such new elements as ________, ________, and _________.

The progress of motor cars_______ in Great Britain.

The speed of the steam-driven vehicles was to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag __________front of it.

In Russia there were cities where ____________altogether.

 

Text B.THE ELECTRIC.

1. Read the text and retell it.

 

The electric automobile energized by rechargeable batteries appeared to have a great future nearly a century ago.

In 1888, Scientific American described an English electric car­riage. An ordinary four-passenger " dog cart", the vehicle was elec­trified by Immisch & Company of London for the Sultan of Turkey. It had a 1 -hp motor connected by chain to a rear wheel. The mak­ers claimed that the twenty-four-cell battery (stored under the seats) could " propel the vehicle at a speed of about ten miles an hour for five hours."

In a trial run at a skating rink in Camden Town, " no great speed could be at­tained, on account of the confined space and the consequent necessity for fre­quent sharp turns." One assumes that ordinary Turks were properly impressed by their Sultan's electric dog cart.

In 1847, Werner von Siemens publicly said he would build an electric-powered carriage. He did so with the 1897 Viktoria.

Twenty-eight percent of the 4, 192 American automobiles produced in 1900 were electric. In the New York automobile show of that year more electrics were on display than gasoline or steam vehicles.

Some of America's most distinguished inventors, including Thomas Edison, were promoting electrics or taking part in their development. And the first American firm to manufacture cars by hundreds was churning out well-designed electrics.

 

2. Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences.

 

The electric automobile energized by______ appeared to have __________ nearly a century ago.

Some of America's most_________, including Thomas Edison, were ___________electrics or _________in their development.

The makers _________that the twenty-four-cell battery (stored under the seats) could " ________ the vehicle at a speed of about ten miles an hour for five hours."

 

Text C. MOTOR CAR CLUBS AND MUSEUMS.

1. Read the text and retell it.

There are about 3, 000 Americans who like to collect antique cars.

They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models.

The clubs practice meetings where members can exhibit their cars.

Collectors can also advertise in magazines published by their clubs.

Some magazines specialize in a single type of car such as glorious Model ”T”.

In England there is the famous Beaulieu Motor Museum - the home for veteran cars. There is a car called The Knight in this museum. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 mph.

The founder of the Museum is Lord Montagu, the son of one of England's motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montagu's father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour.

In the Museum's collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost.

It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907 and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.

Charles Rolls was born in 1881 in Great Britain. He died in 1910.

He was an aristocrat and businessman. He was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce.

Henry Royce was a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car.

At the beginning of the 20th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But they worked hard and at last in 1907 they created the world-famous Rolls-Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models of Rolls-Royce cars " Silver Ghost" hadn't changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.

 

UNIT 2

 

Text A. THE ERA OF THE GASOLINE-POWERED AUTOMOBILE

1. Read and translate the text.

 

Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic discovered during the 1880s that tech­nologies for making self-propelled carriages and wagons had progressed dramat­ically. Soon sundry vehicles powered by steam, internal combustion engines, and electricity were rolling across Germany, France, and the United States.

The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient; even so, for two decades it had many buyers. Lenoir's engine was a clear proof of concept to other inventors, especially in Europe.

Nikolaus Otto, a German, was one of many inspired by Lenoir's technical and commercial success. Me­chanically gifted, Otto sought to improve the Lenoir en­gine, and in the late 1870s he did. Otto's four-cycle design embodied features that would become standard in gasoline automobile engines.

The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the scat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and sep­arate spare parts, for there were no repair or filling sta­tions to serve them.

The Otto engine and the many clones it spawned, though intended to replace small steam engines in in­dustry, inaugurated the era of the gasoline-powered automobile. Clearly, the compact internal com­bustion engine was a most suitable technology for the self-propelled ve­hicle.

Karl Benz, also a German, em­ployed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in 1885. These tri-wheelers, with a one-cyl­inder engine that developed 0.8 hp, were put on the market in 1887, per­haps the earliest commercial auto­mobiles.

In 1891 Benz added a four-wheel motorized carriage to his company's offerings. These automobiles sold well and were widely imitated. In the early 1890s, for example, Panhard et Levassor as well as Peugeot in France were peddling cars to the public. Henry Ford, however, was still a long way from building automobiles.

Active vocabulary

carriage — экипаж

combustion — сгорание

concept — концепция, идея

discover — делать открытие, открывать

embody — воплощать

employ — использовать, применять, задействовать

employee — наемный сотрудник

employer — работодатель

feature — (характерная) черта; выделять как особенность, иметь особен­ность

filling station — заправочная станция

four-wheeled motorized carriage — четырехколесный моторизированный эки­паж

gasoline automobile engine — бензиновый автомобильный двигатель

imitate — подражать, имитировать; моделировать

improve — улучшать, исправлять

inaugurate — ознаменовывать

inefficient — неэффективный

invent — изобретать

large can of fuel — большая канистра с топливом

power — питать энергией

powerful — мощный, сильный; властный

repair — ремонтировать

replace — замещать

replacement — замена, замещение

seek (sought) — искать

self-propelled vehicle — самодвижущееся транспортное средство

spare parts — запасные части

spawn — порождать, плодиться

suitable technology — соответствующая технология

two-seated car with no roof — двухместный автомобиль с открытым верхом (без крыши)

unemployment — безработица

wagon — фургон

water-cooled contraption — устройство водяного охлаждения (двигатель с водяным охлаждением)

wheel — колесо, руль; везти, поворачивать, ехать на велосипеде

 

2. Answer the following questions:

 

1) Who built the first practical internal combustion engine?

2) Who improved the Lenoir engine?

3) What era did the Otto engine inaugurate?

4) Who introduced the first commercial automobile?

 

3. Match the following English words and Russian equivalents:

 

inventor sundry decade clone feature

discover combustion concept repair imitate

carriage electricity success spawn peddle

wagon contraption seek replace spare

progress noisy to improve to power inaugurate

dramatically inefficient embody offering suitable

 

десятилетие черта клон
концепция подражать ремонтировать
успех торговать порождать
искать запасной замещать
исправлять ознаменовать питать энергией
воплощать подходящий предложение
изобретатель разнообразный  
открывать сгорание  
экипаж электричество  
фургон хитроумное приспособление
прогресс шумный  
драматично неэффективный  

 

4. Translate the following words and combinations:

 

water-cooled contraption, gasoline automobile engines, two-seated cars with no roofs, large cans of fuel, spare parts, filling station, inaugurated the era, suitable technology, self-propelled vehicle, a four-wheeled motorized carriage.

 

5. Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences.

 

Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic __________during the 1880s that technologies _________had progressed dramatically.

Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption ________ and was ____________ and ___________

Otto's four-cycle design___________ that would become standard in __________ engines.

Motorists had to carry ________and separate________, for there were no ____________or ___________ to serve them.

The compact internal combustion engine was a most________

for the _______________

Karl Benz ___________ his own Otto-type engine __________ a three-wheel carnage in 1885.

 

UNIT 3

Text A. THE ENGINE.

1. Read and translate the text.

 

The word engine originally meant any ingenious device, and came from the Greek word ingenious, clever. Any kind of vehicle must be able to move. The ability to move demands power. A machine that produces mechanical power or energy is called an engine or a power plant.

Engines present one of the most interesting groups of problems considered in the engineering field. One of the main problems is receiving the maximum possible power or thrust for minimum weight. The weight is included in the factor called the weight/power ratio, which may be defined as the weight in pounds per horse power output.

Another important problem is that of fuel. Both in the past and today the designers work at the problem of getting lower specific fuel consumption. Specific fuel consumption is obtained by dividing the weight of the fuel burned per hour by the horse power developed.

Another possible problem considered in any engine is its flexibility. Flexibility is the ability of the engine to run smoothly and perform properly at all speeds and through all variations of atmospheric conditions.

One more important problem worked at by the designers is the engine reliability. The engine is to have a long life, with maximum of time between overhaul periods. In some cases the problem of balance is one of the main. Balance has several possible meanings but the principle factor is freedom from vibration. Besides any engine must be started easily and carry its full load in a few minutes. There are gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas turbines, steam engines, jet engines and rocket engines. Each of them has certain advantages and disadvantages over other forms of power plants.

 

Active vocabulary

ability — способность

advance — продвижение вперед, успех; аванс

balance — балансировка, баланс; балансировать, регулировать

cull — звать, называть, звонить; вызов (телефонный)

consider — обсуждать, полагать, рассматривать

consume — потреблять

consumption — потребление, расходование

define— определять

demand — требовать, требование; спрос

designer — конструктор, дизайнер

device — устройство

disability — неспособность

disadvantage — недостаток

engine — двигатель, мотор

engineering — машиностроение, инженерное дело, разработка

flех— сгибать, гнуть, сгибаться

flexibility— гибкость; перенастраиваемость (о производстве и т.п.)

flexible — гибкий; перенастраиваемый (о производстве)

fuel consumption — потребление топлива

load — груз, заряд; нагружать

must be able to move — должен быть в состоянии двигать

obtain — достигать, получать

obtainable — достижимый

output — выход, выходная мощность, результат на выходе

overhaul — переборка двигателя

power output — выходная мощность

power plant — силовой агрегат (двигатель)

problem worked at — проблема, над которой работают

ratio — соотношение

run smoothly and properly — работать ровно и надежно (о двигателе)

run (ran, run) — работать (о двигателе); бежать

supercharging —супернаддув

three-way catalyst — 3-канальный (3-уровневый) катализатор

thrust — сила тяги, тяга

turbocharging — турбонаддув

valve timing – переменная cинхронизация работы клапанов

 

2. Answer the following questions:

 

1) What did the word engine originally mean?

2) What machine is called an engine or a power plant?

3) What is one of the main problems engines present?

4) What is the weight/power ratio?

5) What is flexibility of the engine?

6) Do the designers work at the engine reliability?

7) What engines do you know?

 

3. Match the following English words and Russian equivalents:

 

ingenious present consumption smoothly
device thrust designer properly
ability ratio obtain overhaul
demand define specific balance
power output flexibility load
consider fuel run advantage

 

потребление устойчиво хитроумный представлять

конструктор должным устройство сила тяги

образом

получать переборка способность соотношение

двигателя

удельный балансировка требовать определять

гибкость груз мощность выход

работать преимущество обсуждать топливо

 

4. Translate the following words and combinations:

 

ingenious device, must be able to move, power plant, power output, fuel consumption, to run smoothly and properly, problem worked at.

 

5. Fill in the words from the text and translate the sentences.

 

A machine that _______ mechanical power or energy is called an engine or a plant.

One of the main problems is_______ the maximum possible power or _________for minimum weight.

The weight is included in the factor called the weight/power _________, which may be _____________as the weight in pounds per horse ________ output.

Flexibility is the________ of the engine to run________ and perform properly at all speeds and through all of atmospheric conditions.

The engine is to have a________ life, with maximum of time between _________ periods.

There are_________ engines, _________ engines, _________ turbines, _______engines, _________engines and ________ engines. Each of them has certain ________ and ________ over other forms of ________ plants.

 

Text B. ENGINE.

1. Read the text and retell it.

Saab has long been acknowledged as one of the leading manufacturers of car engines-both turbocharged and normally aspirated. Saab’s objective has always been to design compact, lightweight power to weight and power-to-bulk rations. Four valves per cylinder ensure smooth gas flow, good scavenging and efficient combustion.

Saab has adopted reliable design features such as double overhead camshafts and maintenance-free hydraulic cam followers. And electronic fuel injection ensures optimum fuel economy, cleaner exhaust gases and livelier performance.

Saab has equipped its Turbo models with an intercooler, and water-cooled turbocharger, to ensure that the engine will be reliable as an ordinary injection engine.

Saab has developed the Saab Direct Ignition (Saab DI) system to achieve maximum reliability in any climate. And the Automatic Performance Control (APC) system enables the engine to run on fuel of any octane rating, ensures that the fuel energy will be utilised as efficiently as possible and also increases the engine output.

Saab has also developed silent and refined high-performance engines- utilising counter rotating balancing shafts.

The Saab 9000 can be equipped with two different power units-all based on the 16-valve injection engine. Normally aspirated or turbocharged power units, with swept volumes of 2.0 and 2.3 litres.

 

2. Answer the following questions to the text:

 

1) What engines has adopted Saab?

2) What features can be included into Saab reliable design?

3) What makes a turbocharged engine as reliable as an ordinary injection engine?

4) What makes a turbocharged engine silent and refined high performance?

 






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