Задание №2.

Переведите следующие словосочетания:

regardless of the weather, belt railway, elevated railway, multiple-track railway, street railway, suburban railway, suspended railway, classification yard, dispatch track, passing track, marshalling track, track circuit, fail-safe rolling of locomotive, baggage-and-mail car, power-car, testing -car, push-car, rear-end car, flat car, autonomus car, brake axle, double (single) -arm semaphore.

Задание № 3.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные формы глагола:

1. It is known that a signal to be utilized by day is substituted by colored lights at night.

2. A dispatcher had to control train movements over a section of a track. The most difficult task for engineers to decide before beginning to build any railroad is to find a proper strip of land for this purpose.

3. The engineers wanted cab signals to be located in the locomotive cab.

4. The colored light is changed to put the signal into a restrictive position.

5. It was very important to install the block signals on all the railroads.

6. The system may be further developed to include control of the brakes to attain optimal braking effect.

7. Special signals to be installed along railroads will help engine man to drive trains without accidents.

8. That railroad seems to have been the first in the world.

9. The efficiency coefficient of electric locomotives is stated to be much higher than of steam locomotives.

10. The railroad engineers are said to be improving a protective device on the locomotives.

Вариант № 8

Задание №1 Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

" The power supply system"

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы к нему

1) What kind of power stations generate electric energy?

2) What are the drawbacks of conventional power plants?

3) What discovery caused a revolution in energetics?

4) What kind of power plants is the most respective?

(What kind of energy will soon become the main source of power supply?)

5) Where is the electric energy sent after having been generated?

6) What kind of electric current is generated by power stations?

7) Why is alternating current converted into direct current in many countries?

8) Where is the alternating current converted into direct current?

9) What is the essential part of any substation?

10) What is a rectifier of a substation needed for?

Nowadays technical progress, including the progress in railway engineering is unthinkable without the proper power supply system.

Till recent years, all electric energy has been generated by thermal and hydro-power stations. But the hydro-power stations are always tied to rivers. As for the thermal power plants the supplies of fuel needed for their operation are not inexhaustible. So power engineers are now in search of new sources of energy.

The great efforts of scientists and engineers have resulted in discovering atomic energy which caused a revolution in energetics.

After having been generated, the electric energy is sent to the electricity grid system of the country. It is the grid system that distributes the power to the consumers, including the electrified railways.

Both conventional and nuclear power stations generate a high voltage alternating current(a.c.).The fact is that the alternating current can be more economically transmitted over long distances than the dirrect currnt(d.c.) and the higher the voltage the less energy is lost.

Although the alternating current can be used to drive trains, in many countries it is converted to the direct current because d.c. Motors are simpler in construction than a.c. machines.

As is known, the conversion of a.c. to d.c. takes place in railway substations. The first essential of a substation is a trandformer in which the electric current taken from the transmission line is lowered in voltage.Another important instrument the substation is fitted with is a rectifier which converts a.c. to d.c, this one-way (i.e. dirrect) current being then fed to the overhead wire.

Electronics has found a wide aplication in railway substations, silicon rectifiers being one of the most commonly used electronic instruments. Due to electronics most substations are now operated by remote control.

Задание №2. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык:

utilizer, to protect, distribution, consumption, load graph, lighting load, power load, power utilizing devices, an interconnected operation of power plants.

Задание №3. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Electrification is one of the ways to increase the railway efficiency. In designing high-speed vehicles we must take into account control equipment, tractive power and stability.

2. The substations located along the line convert a.c. to d.c. A special rail is used on the underground railways to conduct electricity to the trains.

3. If the trains run with very shot intervals, we say that the railway carries dense traffic. The generation of electricity from the sun energy is now quite realizable.

4. The operation cost of electrified railways is relatively low. All electrified trunk lines use the overhead power supply system which is called catenary.(воздушный контактный провод)

5. High efficiency and great reliability are the chief advantages of electric haulage. Metro trains are furnished with electric current by means of the conductor rail.

6. The electric energy which drives the trains may be taken from the overhead wire. To convert a railway to electric haulage will require costly reconstruction work.

7. The speed attained by modern trains is often limited by the conditions of the track. The voltage of the electric current is lowered at the substation.

8. The speed record on electrified railways belong to the French locomotives. The high cost of automic control system is economically justified.

9. Electric haulage is particularly attractive in mountainous countries. After electrification this line will be serviced by multy-union trains.

10. Due to numerous machines less time is required for the workers to repair the catenary. The transformers are used to lower the voltage of the alternating current.

Вариант № 9

Задание №1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

“Engine driver today.”

Nowadays in Russia modern diesel locomotives are known to have a lot of highly complicated machinery which must be regularly examined if the reliability of locomotives and safety of passengers and freight are to be maintained. At present, diesel locomotives are reported to handle about 50 per cent of the transportation. The passenger diesel such as “TEP-70” and “TEP-80” can run at a speed of 160-200 km/h, and freight diesel such as “2TE-116” can handle 8, 000 ton trains and more, the power of their diesel-generator equipment reaching 6, 000hp. Therefore the railways need highly qualified engineers and drivers to operate diesels successfully. The work of a modern diesel locomotive driver completely differs from that of a steam locomotive driver. The modern driver sits comfortably in an upholstered chair in a very clean cab. Right in front of of of him he has a large glass window which gives him a splendid view of the line ahead. In wet or snowy weather, a powerful screen wiper keeps the glass clean. Besides that, there are special fans to prevent window glass from freezing in cold winter. All the information the driver requires, i.e., speed, pressure, engine temperature, etc., is given by a few dials and warning lights on an instrument panel in front of him. The driver's control cab which is made as sound-proof as possible is constructed of a thin iron sheet lined with wooden panels on the inside. The side windows of the cab for the driver and his assistant are made to slide, and the others are of the drop type as those used in carriages.

And now let's learn how to train the future diesel and electric locomotive drivers in England. Traditional training for train drivers is expensive both in terms of cost and time. It costs 40, 000 English pounds to provide basic training for one driver and takes up to 11 months. Theoretical training is easy to organize and typically one instructor can cope with up to 12 trainees (ученики). But train drivers require considerable practical instruction to acquire the necessary skills which drivers need for competent performance. Practical training requires minimum 300 hours on service trains with an instructor. Such training provides experience of normal everyday driving duties. However, it is almost impossible to provide experience of unusual and emergency situations. Most practical training is carried out initially in a depot using old rolling stock to provide training in shunting and mainline driving. It is in this area of training that simulation can be most effectively used. There are many problems that require attention of both railway managers and trainers if simulation is to be successfully introduced and integrated into an existing training system.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) What locomotives have a highly complicated machinery?

2) What must be regularly examined for safety of passengers and freight?

3) What special devices help to prevent window of driver's cab from freezing?

4) What information is given for driver in his control cab?

5) How long is practical training for English drivers carried out?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

a) cab window, cab front window, cab front window screen wiper, instrument panel, cab instrument panel, cab instrument panel lights; diesel locomotive transportation, diesel locomotive transportation efficiency, future diesel locomotive transportation efficiency development;

b) regularly examined devices, highly-qualified engineers, highly complicated machinery, completely changed work, easily obtained information, beautifully lined panels.