Expressions given below.

1. In addition all tubes had to be working..., they were subject to.......

2. Programming with numbers alone made using the computer.......

3. For primary storage, magnetic core was the......of technology used.

4. In 1957 magnetic tape was introduced as a faster,......... of storing

data.

5. After the development of the symbolic languages came.......

6. An integrated circuit is a complete electronic on a..........

7. A cylinder of silicon is sliced into wafers, each about........., and wafer

is " etched" repeatedly with a pattern of electrical circuitry.

8. The fourth generation was, in fact, an... of third-generation techno­logy.

extension, higher-level languages, difficult and time-consuming, 3 inches in diameter, principal form small chip of silicon more compact method simultaneously frequent burnout

V. Fill in the prepositions if necessary:

An integrated circuit (IC) is a collection of electronic components fabricated... a semiconductor device or chip. Integrated circuits are widely used... consumer, commercial and industrial applications. With high developments... technology, integrated circuits have become the most important unit in electric products. Integrated circuits are used in a wide area... commercial and consumer technology, including, for example, calculators, computers, video games, digital watches, and the like. Integrated circuit technology

has made significant progress over the last forty years. Integrated circuits are now manufactured... much lower costs, with lower power consumption, higher speeds, and smaller sizes. An integrated circuit is a complete electronic circuit, containing transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting electrical conductors, contained entirely... a single chip of silicon. An integrated circuit includes multiple layers... wiring that interconnect its electronic and circuit components. These layers made... metal, semiconductor and insulator material, each configured so that it cooperates... other layers to define circuit elements, such as buffers, memory devices, gates and routing wires. Each layer is stacked or overlaid on a prior layer and patterned to form the shapes that define devices and connect the devices into circuits. The metal layers define routing wires for connecting together various elements, including memory matrices. Generally, integrated circuits are mainly divided... two categories: logic device and memory, wherein the logic device, such as a microprocessor of a computer, is used to execute logic operations, and the memory is a semiconductor device used... storing data.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the characteristic feature of the 1-st generation computers?

2. What are the advantages of the 1-st generation?

3. What are the disadvantages of this generation?

4. What was the principal form of primary storage technology?

5. What important development came with the second generation com­puting?

6. When did higher-level languages appear?

7. What higher-level languages do you know?

8. What are the advantages of higher-level languages?

9. When did the electronics industry begin to make silicon chips?

10. Why did the integrated circuit begin to replace the transistor?

11. Why is silicon so widely used?

12. What are the most important characteristics of the chips?

13. What is an important form of multiprogramming?

14. What is the most important development of the 4th generation com­puters?

15. What did two innovations in LSI technology lead to?

16. When was VLSI achieved?

17. When did the development of the 5-th generation begin?

18. Enumerate all the desired features of the 5-th computer generation.