Compare drive and incentive theory of motivation.

Card 1

Researchers have developed a number of different theories to explain motivation. Motivation is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. Psychologists have studied motivation from a variety of approaches: drives, incentives, arousal, curiosity, achievement, etc.

The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation.

This theory shares some similarities with the behaviorist concept of operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, behaviors are learned by forming associations with outcomes. Reinforcement strengthens a behavior, while punishment weakens it.

While incentive theory is similar, it instead proposes that people intentionally pursue certain courses of action in order to gain rewards. The greater the perceived rewards, the more strongly people are motivated to pursue those reinforcements.

- The incentive theory External stimuli, called incentives, pull the individual towards some goal. (tempted to eat a delicious desert even when not hungry) Incentives are objects or events that motivate the individual in the absence of a biological need. We avoid negative incentives such as pain.

- Drive theory of motivation (PUSH theory) Drives are internal forces that push us towards doing smth. (thirst drive à drinking, hunger drive à eating)

Need-Drive-Behavior- Goal-Rest

A need causes a drive, which leads to behavior designed to reach a goal and then allows the individual to rest.

According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst.

This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry.

- Differences between drives and incentives.

internal external

unlearned learned

biological

cyclic

Well " like" attributes of both theories is that either one is the source reason that puts us into action- of doing something. (They both motivate us, thus the " theories of motivation.") The rewards differ though. For drive, the reward would be intrinic. Which means they it is internal. You are driven to do something because of the satisfaction or the feeling you get from the accomplishment. Incentive based motivation implies that there is an external reward like money or praise. So for example. Take two people both with good grades. One might have straight A's because she likes being the best. That's internal the motivation would be drive. Another person might get straight A's because they get $50.00 for every A on their report card. That would be incentive motivation. Both are motivated to achieve the same goal, but simply for different reasons or " motives" behind why they do what they do.

2. What does Erickson say about innovation, task achievement and building relationship in the classroom?

Classes oriented towards innovation and building relationships help:

v create learner satisfaction and interest in the subject;

v enhance social and personal growth;

however

v do not facilitate traditional achievement score.

Classes that emphasize Task Achievement at the expense of warmth help:

v foster high achievement

however

v do not foster creativity and morale.

Classes which are rigidly Under Control lead to:

v dissatisfaction

v do not facilitate personal, social, and academic growth.

3. What special traits do leaders possess according Great Theory of Leadership?

Ideological theory that " great" leaders possess characteristics or traits not found in the rest of the population. This concept is based on the belief that great leaders are not made but born with unique characteristics which allow them to rise to the occasion during difficult periods in history to overcome obstacles and lead their nation successfully.

According to this point of view, great leaders are simply born with the necessary internal characteristics such as charisma, confidence, intelligence, and social skills that make them natural-born leaders.

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great leaders are born, not made.

These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term " Great Man" was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership.

Similar in some ways to Great Man theories, trait theories assume that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership.

Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. For example, traits like extraversion, self-confidence, and courage are all traits that could potentially be linked to great leaders.

If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership. There are plenty of people who possess the personality traits associated with leadership, yet many of these people never seek out positions of leadership.