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Exercise 5.1.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones. 2 страница
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| A | B |
| 1. Accident investigation team | a. the total means available to an airline for increasing production or profit. May be in human, material or financial form |
| 2. Air Safety Office | b. to keep or get away from; to escape |
| 3. Chief Executive | c. it is a piece of advice about how to do something |
| 4. Proactive | d. to recognize somebody or something |
| 5. Procedure | e. tt is an advice about the best thing to do |
| 6. Reactive | f. terms on board the aircraft that are not structural or a part of any system |
| 7. Resource | g. the group who assists the State, in whose jurisdiction the accident occurred, to conduct the accident investigation. The group includes experts from various disciplines |
| 8. Security | h. it responds to a stimulus or to a set of circumstances |
| 9. Equipment | i. protective measures against hijack and sabotage |
| 10. Course | j. people refer to workers when they are considered as a means of producing goods |
| 11. Avoid | k. an office within an airline whose functions is to manage safety in an airline. It puts into position procedures and practices to avoid accidents and incidents and investigates those that occur |
| 12. manpower | l. a programme of training or study |
| 13. recommendation | m. a method of accomplishing a task |
| 14. guideline | n. a person in position of administration whose actively carries the goals of an organization into effect |
| 15. identify | o. taking action in advance in order to change events |
Exercise 5.5.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 5.5.5.
1. Try to _______ danger.
2. The country is in need of skilled _______.
3. The function of an _______ _______ _______ is discussed.
4. It requires the allocation of funds, _______.
5. It provides a professional _______ _______ ______.
6. It has both the ______ and _______ roles.
7. ______ must be complied with by all aircraft, both civil and military.
8. Start up refers to the ______ for starting the aircraft’s engines.
9. Staff, aircraft and ______ are correctly trained, licensed and certified.
10. It may also provides detailed airport and route ______ with all necessary maps and charts.
11. It must be allocated sufficient _________.
12. The focus of their ________ is operational.
13. It ______ and publishes trends.
14. The _____ council is responsible for peace and _____, whose decisions are binding.
Exercise 5.5.7 Retell the text.
Section 5.6 Dangerous Goods
Exercise 5.6.1 Read and translate the text.
The under floor cargo hold of a commercial aircraft is primarily used to carry passenger’s luggage. On most aircraft there is excess space available and this is used by the airline to ship freight.
This freight is usually of high value or it is important that it travel as soon as possible. Hundreds of millions of such packages are transported by air each year and little less than half of these are classified as “dangerous goods”.
When a package is categorized as Dangerous Goods, strict rules regarding the quantities allowed, package strength, handling labels and documentation HAVE TO BE FOLLOWED. As yet no accident has occurred when all the laid down procedures have been correctly carried out. The procedures were developed by ICAO and are published in the Technical Instructions for the Safe transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air. This is essentially a legal document and in practice most airlines use the Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGRs) published by IATA. These contain the same information, but are easier to use. Individual countries and airlines may have more restrictive rules and these are also referred to in the DGR’s.
Dangerous Goods fall into 3 groups:
1. Acceptable on passenger or cargo aircraft.
2. Cargo aircraft only (CAO).
3. Forbidden for air carriage.
These groups are divided into different classes according to the hazard they pose.
Each class has a distinctive label with either a symbol or text, which tells you what the package contains, and the class number.
· Class 1 – Explosives
· Class 2 – Gases
· Class 3 – Flammable Liquids
· Class 4 – Flammable Solids
· Class 5 – Oxidisers
· Class 6 – Toxic material
· Class 7 – Radioactive
· Class 8 – Corrosives
· Class 9 – Miscellaneous or environmentally hazardous material
The classes are divided again into divisions of materials with similar characteristics. In these sub-divisions the materials are assigned a ‘Proper shipping name’ and UN number or ID number and packing instruction and group.
The shipper must ensure that all the regulations for a consignment have been complied with. The airline is responsible for the accepting, strong loading and providing information to those concerned. This information is contained in the Notification to the Aircraft Commander or the NOTAC, which is provided to the crew prior to departure.
Exercise 5.6.2 Answer the following questions.
1. What is primarily used to carry passenger’s luggage?
2. Why is it used by the airline?
3. Why is freight very important?
4. How many packages are transported by air?
5. What packages are classified as ‘dangerous goods’?
6. What does ‘dangerous goods’ mean?
7. What organization were the procedures developed by?
8. What document contains these procedures?
9. What does this document contain?
10. How many groups do dangerous goods fall into? Name them.
11. What are classes divided into?
12. What does a distinctive label tell us?
13. What must the shipper ensure?
14. What is the airline responsible for?
15. Where is this information contained?
Exercise 5.6.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. Passenger aircraft is used to carry passenger’s luggage.
2. On the most aircraft there is no spare place.
3. This is used by the airline to ship people.
4. A lot of passengers are transported by train.
5. This cargo is usually of high value.
6. A package is categorized as Useful Goods.
7. The procedures were developed by Transportation Organization.
8. The procedures are published in aeronautical information publication.
9. Most airlines use DGPs published by IATA.
10. These contain the different information, but are easier to use.
11. Dangerous Goods fall into 7 groups.
12. These groups are divided into the same classes.
13. A distinctive label tells us about dangerous goods.
14. The classes are divided into divisions of materials with different characteristics.
15. The Aircraft Commander is responsible for the accepting, strong loading.
16. This information is contained in the NOTAC.
Exercise 5.6.4 Translate the words and word combinations.
| floor cargo hold | commercial aircraft |
| passenger luggage | to ship freight |
| excess space | available |
| high value | as soon as possible |
| by air | each year |
| dangerous goods | strict rules |
| package strength | handling label |
| documentation | to carry out |
| technical Instructions | Safe Transportation |
| a legal document | the same information |
| individual countries | restrictive rules |
| cargo aircraft | according to |
| a hazard | a class number |
| Aircraft Commander | a shipper |
| divisions of materials | forbidden |
Exercise 5.6.5 Match the terms in column A with their definition in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Air cargo | a. cargo; any goods carried on board other than passenger baggage, mail and aircraft stores |
| 2. Corrosive | b. liable to blow up. Violently combustible |
| 3. Dangerous goods | c. notification to the Aircraft Commander of any Dangerous Goods carried on board an aircraft |
| 4. Dangerous goods Regulations (DGP) | d. regulations concerning the carriage of Dangerous Goods |
| 5. Explosive | e. strongly acid or caustic |
| 6. Flammable Liquid (FL) | f. a liquid that can be burn as a flame or can be set on fire |
| 7. Flammable Solid (FS) | g. a solid that can burn as a flame or can be set on fire |
| 8. Freight | h. goods carried or an aircraft-freight, mail, payload |
| 9. NOTAC | i. hazardous materials |
| 10. Oxidizer | j. International Air Transport Association |
| 11. Radioactive | k. it is a piece of paper or plastic that is attached to an object to give information about it |
| 12. Regulations | l. official rules governing aviation or other activity |
| 13. Shipper | m. a person, company or agent which sends freight by air |
| 14. toxic materials | n. any substance that is poisonous |
| 15. UN number | o. international Civil Aviation Organization |
| 16. IATA | p. it produces harmful α, β and γ rays spontaneously or naturally by the natural disintegration of the nuclear of atoms |
| 17. ICAO | q. an international four digit classification to make dangerous goods easy to recognize |
| 18. Label | r. an agent that will combine with oxygen or make other materials combine with oxygen |
Exercise 5.6.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 5.6.5.
1. Some packages are classified as ______ ______.
2. The procedures were developed by _______.
3. A legal document and most airlines use the _____ _____ ______ published by _______.
4. One of the groups is ______ ______.
5. The first class of these groups is _______.
6. _____ contains a substance that produces energy in the form of powerful and harmful rays.
7. A ______ substance can destroy solid material as a result of a chemical reaction.
8. ______ is the goods that are transported by lorries, trains, ships, or aeroplanes.
9. The third and the fourth classes are _____ _______ and _______ ____.
10. In the subdivisions the materials are assigned a “proper shipping name” and ____ _____.
11. This information is contained in the ________.
12. The _____ must ensure that all the _______ have been complied with.
13. Each class has a distinctive _______ with either a symbol or text.
14. The fifth class of these groups is _______.
Exercise 5.6.7 What do the following abbreviations stand for.
| IATA ICAO CAO DGP NOTAC |
Exercise 5.6.8 Retell the text.
Section 5.7 Aviation Security (Part 1)
Exrcise 5.7.1 Read and translate the text.
The aim of aviation security is to safeguard civil aviation operations against acts of unlawful interference. The safety of persons (passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public) is the primary objective.
Airport operators have the responsibility of implementing security measures for the operation of the aerodrome and ensure that access control systems and emergency procedures are in place. Air Carriers implement security measures applicable security programmes which contain detailed procedures for screening passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail. The procedures also cover the security of aircraft and facilities they are required to have response to threats against their operations
Implementation of these security has evolved over a period of many years, particularly from 1968 to the present time. At first, security focused on the most common crime, hijacking. The record year for this type of crime was 1969, when there were 82 occurrences. Security was strengthened world-wide and virtually every country introduced pertinent procedures and eventually refused to accept hijackers and grant them refuse. Thus with no country to flee to or be accepted in this type of crime diminished. However, hijacking remains a very problem. The tragic deaths of 123 passengers and crew when in November 1996 a B757, hijacked from Addis Ababa, ran out of fuel and crashed into the sea off the COMORO Islands remind us of this.
Hijacking was in turn replaced by acts of sabotage civil aviation. Notable atrocities are the destruction of B747s over the Atlantic ocean south of Ireland and over Lockerbie in Scotland with enormous loss of life.
The ‘bomb on board aircraft’ was now part of the security nightmare and procedures to prevent the terrorist gaining access to the aircraft or to baggage and cargo were developed.
Exercise 5.7.2 Answer the questions.
1. What is the aim of aviation security?
2. What is the primary objective?
3. What do airport operators have the responsibility of?
4. What do air carriers implement?
5. What do security programmes contain?
6. What are procedures required for?
7. How long has implementation of these security evolved?
8. What did security focus at first?
9. What year was the record one? Why?
10. Why is hijacking a very big problem?
11. What happened in November 1996 with B757?
12. What was the security nightmare?
13. What are notable atrocities?
Exercise 5.7.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. The aim of aviation security is to take care of civil operations against act of illegal interference.
2. The safety of persons is the main task.
3. Aircraft directions have the responsibility of implementing security measures.
4. Air carriers implement security measures applicable to their airfields, baggage, airmail, airmen.
5. They create individual security programmes.
6. The Programmes contain detailed procedures for screening passengers, baggage, cargo and mail.
7. The procedures try to cover the security of crew and equivalent.
8. Security focused on the most common illness; heart attack.
9. The most vivid year of this type of crime was 1969.
10. There were 109 occurrences.
11. Security became weaker everywhere.
12. The tragic deaths of 121 passengers and crew happened in November 1996.
13. The ‘bomb scare’ was now part of the security horror.
Exercise 5.7.4 Translate the words and word combinations into your language.
| aviation security | civil aviation operation |
| unlawful interference | ground personnel |
| airport operator | responsibility |
| security measures | control system |
| emergency procedure | air carrier |
| applicable | screening |
| detailed procedures | a prepared response |
| implementation | record year |
| occurrence | world-wide |
| pertinent procedures | to flee |
| diminish | run out of fuel |
| be in turn | act of sabotage |
| notable atrocity | destruction |
| enormous loss of life | security nightmare |
| to prevent | type of crime |
| particularly | employee |
| security programmes | common crime |
| hijacker | tragic death |
| facility | primary objective |
Exercise 5.7.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Access control | a. it checks to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed to enter certain restricted areas |
| 2. Baggage | b. personnel bags and cases of passengers or crew |
| 3. Emergency pro-cedures | c. a set of actions to be taken in an emergency usually detailed in a checklist or similar documents |
| 4. Loss | d. destruction or damage |
| 5. Procedure | e. method of accomplishing a task |
| 6. Screening | f. to examine a person for weapons or explosives and to ensure they are authorized to enter the restricted area |
| 7. Security | g. protective measures against hijack and sabotage. |
| 8. Emergency | h. A crisis relating to the operation of the aircraft which may place it or its passengers and crew in distress |
| 9. Unlawful inter-ference | i. criminal offences committed, either in the air or on the ground, which jeopardize or could jeopardize the safety of aircraft, persons or property |
| 10. Air Carrier | j. airlines and other aircraft operators |
| 11. Crime | k. offence for which there is severe punishment by law |
| 12. Hijack | l. use threaten, force against those in control of an aircraft or vehicle in other to achieve certain aims to reach a desired destination |
| 13. Hijacker | m. a person who hijacks |
| 14. Sabotage | n. criminal destruction of aircraft or other property often for a political motive |
Exercise 5.7.6 Complete the sentences with words in column A in exercise 5.7.5.
1. It is the business of the police to prevent and direct _____ and of the law courts to punish ____.
2. The aim of aviation _____ is to safeguard civil aviation operations against acts of _______ ______.
3. Airport operators have the responsibility of ensuring that _____ ____ systems.
4. _____ _____ implement security measures.
5. Individual security programmes contain detailed ____ for _____.
6. ____ remains a very problem.
7. Hijacking was in turn replaced by acts of ____.
8. Passengers are reminded to keep their ______ with them all times.
9. The ______ demanded a quarter of a million of dollars.
10. Request priority landing and ______ services.
11. Heathrow shares the same problems as all big airports – too many people and too much ______.
Section 5.8 Aviation Security (Part 2)
Exercise 5.8.1 Read and translate the text.
There are several organization and legal conventions which assist civil aviation to combat terrorism and extortion, some of which are briefly discussed here.
The International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialist agency of the United Nations formed to promote the safe and orderly development of civil aviation.
Standards and Recommended Practices on security were adopted by the Council in March 1974, and were designated Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention.
The International Conventions concerning security are:
· Tokyo Convention, 1963 concerns offences and certain other acts committed on board aircraft.
· Hague Convention, 1970 concerns the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft.
· Montreal Convention, 1971 concerns the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation.
· Montreal Protocol, 1988, to the Montreal Convention, 1971. “It is an offence for anyone to endanger safety at aerodromes serving international civil aviation by carrying out acts of violence against persons or facilities at such aerodromes”.
· Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives.
Everyone in the airline industry must play a part in ensuring that security is effective and taken very seriously. Aviation security is dynamic. As the tactics of the criminal vary, so must our response. It is not simply a matter for the Pilot in Command and Airport Police. All of this, whether professional or passengers, must co-operate and play our part.
This is why, at the security check, security officers examine the traveller’s boarding cards and both they and their various items of carry-on baggage are subjected to physical and electronic search for explosives and other weapons. The security check will also look other forbidden or dangerous items such as pressurised canistres, flammable liquids or gases, and matches. Any such items found will be confiscated.
Many travellers regard security as a nuisance and an unwarranted intrusion into their privacy. However, these security checks are compulsory and persons refusing to be examined will not be carried. The checks are designed for the passengers’ own protection and should be fully co-operated with. Passengers should pack their own bags, and know exactly what they contain. Questions asked at check-in and during the security check should be advanced honestly and any concerns or doubts about the security or integrity of one’s reported. Bags should never be left unattended and most certainly, packages should never be accepted from strangers for carriage on board the aircraft.
Exercise 5.8.2 Answer the questions.
1. What do several organizations and legal conventions assist?
2. What is the International Civil Aviation Organization?
3. What does ICAO stand for?
4. What were Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by?
5. What International Conventions do you know? Name them.
6. What does each convention concern?
7. What do security officers examine? Why?
8. What can be confiscated?
9. What do many travellers regard?
10. What should passengers pack and know?
11. Bags should never be left unattended, shouldn’t they?
Exercise5.8.3 Are the statements true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. There are some organizations and illegal conventions which destroy civil aviation.
2. Some of them are not discussed.
3. Standard and Recommended Practices on security were published by Council.
4. St. And R Pr. were designated Annex 15 to the Tokyo convention.
5. Hague Convention concerns the suppression of unlawful interference.
6. Monreal Convention concerns the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation.
7. Everyone in the airline industry must play a part in ensuring that security is not effective.
8. Security officers examine the passengers’ landing cards.
9. Various items of baggage are inspected to physical and electronic search.
10. The security check will also find other prohibited and restricted items.
11. These security checks are non compulsory.
12. Bags should be left unattended.
13. Packages should be always accepted from passengers for carriage on board the aircraft.
Exercise 5.8.4 Translate the words and word combinations.
| legal conventions | extortion |
| to promote safe | on board |
| unlawful seizure | safety of civil aviation |
| security officer | pressurized canister |
| flammable liquids | gasses |
| matches | any such items |
| nuisance | unwarranted intrusion |
| own protection | fully cooperated |
| check-in | honestly |
| unattended | strangers |
| various items | forbidden items |
| physical or electronic search | carry on baggage |
| weapons | effective |
| dynamic | boarding cards |
| look for | compulsory |
| doubts | agency |
| acts of violence | suppression |
| airline industry | travellers |
Exercise 5.8.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Annex | a. the provision of transport for which a fare may be charged |
| 2. Boarding cards | b. a publication by ICAO, which provides technical aviation guidance to states in formulating their laws |
| 3. Carriage | c. members of an Airport Police Force responsible for ensuring security at an airport |
| 4. Check-in | d. aerosol cans containing powder or fluid under pressure |
| 5. Pilot in Command | e. an attempt to find something by looking for it carefully |
| 6. Pressurized canisters | f. commandeering or seizing an aircraft unlawfully, whether in the air or on the ground |
| 7. Security check | g. passes issued at check-in, with passenger name, flight number and seat number to allow the passenger to get on the aircraft |
| 8. Security Officers | h. an agreement between States, rulers |
| 9. Unlawful seizure | i. the desk to which passengers proceed when they arrive |
| 10. Weapon | j. a security check is carried out by trained security staff on all passengers before they are permitted to board the aircraft |
| 11. Convention | k. captain |
| 12. Violence | l. it is an object which is used to kill or hurt people in a fight or war |
| 13. Search | m. a behavior which is intended to injure or kill people |
Exercise 5.8.6 Complete the sentences with words in column A in exercise 5.8.5.
1. You can wait by the _____ counter.
2. Here is your ______ ______. Have a nice flight.
3. The ______ _______ told the passenger to walk through the door.
4. The co-pilot assists the ______ _______ _____ in air-to-ground communications.
5. Hague Convention concerns the suppression of _________ _______ of aircraft.
6. Flammable liquids, ______ ______ or gasses are forbidden and dangerous goods.
7. They found the crashed aircraft after a long ____.
8. Standards and Recommended Practices on security were designated ___ 17 to the Chicago _______.
9. _____ _____ examine the traveller’s boarding cards.
10. Various items of baggage are subjected to physical and electronic _____ for explosives and other ____.
11. Montreal Protocol concerns the act of ______ against persons or facilities at aerodromes serving international civil aviation.
12. Packages should never be accepted from strangers for ____ on board the aircraft.
Exercise 5.8.7 Retell the text.
Word List
A
A System = hydraulic system ‘A’ гидравлическая система ‘А’
abbreviation [Eֽ brivi׳ eiSEn] аббревиатура, сокращение
abnormal [Xb7nO: mEl] ненормальный, неправильный
about to do something вот-вот начинать делать что-либо
accept [Ek׳ sept] принимать, признавать, брать, соглашаться
acceptable [Ek7septEbl] приемлемый
accepted in [Ek7septid] быть принятым в
access [7XksEs] доступ, доступный иметь доступ, получить доступ (к чему-л.)
accident [7XksidEnt] несчастный случай; катастрофа, авария
according to [E׳ kO: diN tE] в соответствии с
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