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Performance in Flight Planning
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In a computerised flight planning system, in-flight performance data supplied by the manufacturer is stored in the computer database, either in tables, graphs or formulae.
This data is then used in creating the flight plan for a particular flight, using a particular routing and aircraft weight, under the applicable en route weather conditions.
Basic performance criteria for each aircraft includes cruise, climb and descent data for various flight levels, weights and ambient temperatures, and optimum and maximum altitude limits.
Climb, cruise and descent phases of each flight are evaluated separately by the system. Ambient weather conditions, such as forecast wind and temperature aloft, are applied to calculate fuel requirements and elapsed time.
The Operations Officer or pilot creating the flight plan can specify various performance related factors and make any changes he considers necessary for that flight in the interests of safety, passenger comfort or service.
Exercise 2.5.2 Answer the questions.
1. Where are Structural Weight Limitations published?
2. What are basic RTOW tables and graphs produced for?
3. What are the particular factors that apply to an airfield and to the airfield runways?
4. What does TORA (TODA, ASDA) stand for?
5. What are navigation charts?
6. Why are special procedures applied for takeoff and landing on wet or contaminated runways?
7. What does basic performance criteria include?
Exercise 2.5.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. Structural weight limitations are published in the Flight Manual.
2. Factors such as take off thrust are varied to reduce engine stress.
3. Special procedures are not applied for the takeoff and landing on wet or contaminated runways.
4. Noise abatement procedures are in operation in many airports.
5. Noise abatement procedures do not cause any limitations in aircraft performance.
6. In-flight performance data is stored in the computer database either in tables, graphs or formulae.
7. Basic performance criteria for each aircraft includes cruise, climb and descent data for various flight levels, weights and ambient temperatures, and optimum and maximum altitude limits.
8. Ambient weather conditions are not applied to calculate fuel requirements and elapse time.
9. A pilot cannot specify any performance and make any changes during a flight.
Exercise 2.5.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Публиковать; в форме; взлетный вес; превышать; ограничения по набору высоты; принимать во внимание; уход на второй круг; основные таблицы; увеличенная скорость; определенные обстоятельства; уменьшать; требуемый уровень; определенные факторы; торец ВПП; навигационные карты; снег; слякоть; стоячая вода; важный; трение; требование УВД; процедура уменьшения шума; ограничения; производитель; при благоприятных условиях погоды на маршруте; план полета; данные по набору и снижению; этап набора высоты; прогнозируемый ветер; температура на высоте; требования; в интересах безопасности, удобства пассажиров или обслуживания.
Exercise 2.5.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| RTOW kgs 13º C RW 28 ZFW N 1 ASL ICP TORA TODA ASDA ATC V meg V mca V slg V 1 V 2 V ref V mbe V mu |
Exercise 2.5.6 Match the terms in column A with definitions in column B.
1.
| A | B |
| 1. RTOW | a. actual weight of the aircraft ready for flight, with payload but without fuel. This must never exceed the authorized Maximum Zero Fuel Weight |
| 2. ASDA | b. a book, based on the data in the aircraft Flight Manual, in which the aircraft’s performance is detailed in either graph or table format. The maximum or limiting weight for takeoff for the runway using prevailing weather conditions can be calculated from these tables |
| 3. Performance | c. a specially prepared map for the use in navigation. Often, shows airways reporting points, navigation aids and major geographical features |
| 4. Celsius | d. the capability or flying characteristics of the aircraft (acceleration, climb, ceiling, range, etc), particularly with regard to obstacle clearance and other problems affecting the safe operation of the aircraft |
| 5. Chart | e. a runway which is, wet, snow covered, icy, has heavy rubber deposits or otherwise reports less braking efficiency than normal. Such loss of braking efficiency has a significant effect on aircraft performance and must be taken into account at the flight planning stage |
| 6. TODA | f. Regulated Takeoff Weight |
| 7. ATC | g. a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0º and boils at 100º under standard conditions |
| 8. ZFW | h. Take off Distance Available |
| 9. Performance Manual | i. management of aircraft proceeding along civil airways, including airport arrivals and departures |
| 10. Contaminated runway | j. Accelerate / Stop Distance Available |
2.
| A | B |
| 1. Flight Manual | a. an area beyond the end of the runway under the control of the airport authority designated as capable of supporting an aircraft in the event of an aborted takeoff |
| 2. TORA | b. a defined area at the end of the runway and under the control of the airport authority free of obstacles, over which an aircraft may make its initial climb after takeoff |
| 3. Hydroplaning | c. aircraft flight manual. The officially approved manual which details the limitations, performance characteristics and procedures by which the aircraft will be flown. It is normally provided by the aircraft manufacturer |
| 4. Limiting Weight | d. a procedure for reducing aircraft noise in the vicinity of the airfield. The procedure may use reduced thrust settings or avoid flight over more noise sensitive areas |
| 5. Takeoff = T / O | e. Takeoff Run Available |
| 6. Takeoff thrust | f. the process of flying the aircraft off the ground at the beginning of a flight. It starts with the release of brakes at the beginning of the takeoff roll and ends when the aircraft crosses a specified height after leaving the ground |
| 7. Takeoff weight = TOW | g. actual takeoff weight for the flight as calculated on the loadsheet |
| 8. Stopway | h. the trust (engine power) setting required for take off |
| 9. Clearway | i. skidding on water or other fluid such as melted tyre rubber on the runway |
| 10. Noise Abatement Procedure | j. the maximum weight at which the aircraft may takeoff taking into account the runway conditions, actual air temperature, wind speed, etc |
3.
| A | B |
| 1. Landing | a. Engine power. The force generated by an aircraft engine which moves the aircraft forward. Thrust is a result of equal and opposite reaction to the acceleration of a large weight of air rearwards by the engine |
| 2. Obstacle clearance | b. the track or course over which an aircraft is flying or will be flown |
| 3. Data base | c. the condition of being safe from causing or suffering harm, injury or loss |
| 4. Unstick | d. a large store of information which is stored in a computer and is easily available to the user |
| 5. Rated | e. approved by an appropriate authority. A “rated” certification usually includes a limitation, for example. Takeoff Power may not be maintained for longer than 5 minutes |
| 6. Thrust | f. Touching down. The procedure of flying the aircraft gently on to the runway at the touchdown point and bringing it to a controlled stop afterwards. This may be accomplished manually by the pilot or in the case of autoland, by the autopilot |
| 7. Flight Path | g. generally refers to the minimum height or separation which must be maintained above an obstacle to assure safety and to melt the appropriate obstacle clearance criteria |
| 8. Landing Weight | h. the actual or estimated weight of the aircraft, fuel, passengers, baggage and cargo at the time of landing |
| 9. Engine | i. Liftoff. The point where the wheels leave the ground on takeoff |
| 10. Safety | j. Motor, power unit or device used to convert chemical energy (fuel) into useful mechanical power. Jet engine |
Exercise 2.5.7 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 2.5.6.
1. Slush, snow or standing water on runways cause significant performance deterioration due ____________, rolling resistance and reduced friction.
2. Captain is going to complete the performance data sheet and work out their __________.
3. Co-pilot reads figures aloud from the _________________ _____________.
4. ____________ ____________ must be taken into account in the flight path.
5. All the particular factors are published in navigation ___________.
6. Structural Weight Limitations are published in the ____________ __________ in the form of maximum ramp or taxi weights, takeoff or brake release weights, landing weights and zero fuel weights.
7. Aircraft engines have a ‘________’ takeoff thrust which must not be exceeded.
8. There are climb limitations relating to __________ and go-around.
9. In a computerized flight planning system, in-flight performance data supplied by the manufacturer is stored in the computer _________ _______ either in tables, graphs or formulae.
10. A pilot has to do everything in the interests of ________ passenger comfort or service.
Exercise 2.5.8 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations.
To complete the performance data sheet; total fuel; the Performance Manual; planning problems; contaminated runway conditions; maximum weight; climb limitations; takeoff; to go-around; obstacle clearance; navigation charts; to take into account; reduced friction; manufacturer; computer data base; en route weather conditions; forecast wind; fuel requirements; safety; passenger comfort; aircraft performance; calculations; serviceable; to exceed; flight plan.
Section 2.6 The Flight Plan
Exercise 2.6.1 Read and translate the text.
A computer Flight Planning System constructs the operating flight plan for a particular flight. It:
· creates required routes and tracks;
· analyses en-route weather data received for the relevant PROGS, and combines this with detailed route and navigation data for the routings, to produce accurate information on which flight plan calculations are based;
· uses aircraft performance data for the particular aircraft registration or tail number, together with required TOW or ZFW, flight levels, and other specific details for the flight.
The principle benefit lies in more accurate flight planning. The speed and ease with which plans can be produced means more flexible utilization by flight planners of the parameters in the flight plan, resulting in more accurate burn-off calculations, with consequent fuel saving and many other benefits.
Waypoints on the flight plan are often defined by a name, and referenced by latitude and longitude. Airports and en-route checkpoints are typical waypoints which have allocated names. Other waypoint names are simply a restatement of the latitude and longitude, e.g., Oceanic waypoints.
Information for each waypoint is stored on the computer system for inclusion in flight plans. Waypoint co-ordinates for each waypoint, navigational frequencies, MSAs and other information for the route are stored on a database. Updated information is included in any relevant flight plan.
Performance data may be accessed by performance type, by fleet type or by aircraft registration, allowing precise tailoring of performance data for individual aircraft registrations. Basic performance data include climb, cruise, descent data, and altitude limits.
The computer generated flight plan is representative of the general format employed throughout the industry.
The operational flight plan combines navigation information, en-route weather data and aircraft performance data, together with planned payload, flight levels, alternates, holding fuel, and other specific details for the flight. It includes the navigation log.
Performance data for flight planning is tailored for each individual aircraft. It includes climb, cruise, and descent data for the trip to destination as well as the alternate routes. It also includes altitude limits, contingency fuels and various constants and default maximum weights, taxi fuel flow, holding time, waypoint details, fuel carriage saving information and many other details essential to the pilot during flight.
An airline operational flight plan contains features common to all such plans. The actual terms and abbreviations used, their position on the plan and the general lay-out may vary. For example, additional information is provided for long distance and ETOPS flight plans.
There are spaces provided on the plan under the headings AREM, ETA, ATA and FL where the pilot fills in actual navigation and performance details as the flight progresses. The completed flight plan, which is the official record of the progress of the flight, must be retained for inspection for a minimum of six months.
Exercise 2.6.3 Answer the questions.
1. What does a computer Flight Planning System do?
2. What does it also analyze?
3. What are the weather data received for?
4. What is the principle benefit of this system?
5. How are the waypoints usually defined?
6. What are oceanic waypoints characterized by?
7. Where is the information for each waypoint stored?
8. What is the updated information included in?
9. How may the performance data be accessed?
10. What do these data consist of?
11. What does the operational flight plan combine?
12. How are the performance data tailored?
13. What does this information include?
14. What is considered to be the official record of the flight progress?
15. Why must it be retained for six months?
Exercise 2.6.3 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. A computer Flight Planning System constructs the uniform flight plans for typical flights.
2. It creates required routes and tracks, but it does not analyze any en-route weather data.
3. The system uses aircraft performance data for the particular aircraft registration or tail number.
4. The principle benefit lies in a quicker flight planning process.
5. The speed and ease with which plans can be produced means more rigid utilization of the parameters in the flight plan.
6. It results in more accurate burn-off calculations, with consequent fuel saving and many other benefits.
7. Waypoints on the flight plan are always defined by a name, and referenced by latitude and longitude.
8. Airports and en-route checkpoints are typical waypoints which have allocated names.
9. Information for each waypoint is stored on the computer system for further inspection.
10. Updated information is excluded from relevant flight plans.
11. Performance data may be accessed by performance type, by fleet type or by aircraft registration.
12. Basic performance data only include climb and descent data.
13. The operational flight plan combines navigation information, en-route weather data and nothing more.
14. Performance data for flight planning is tailored for each individual aircraft.
15. It includes climb, cruise, and descent data for the trip to destination but no alternate routes.
16. The pilot fills in actual navigation and performance details as the flight progresses.
17. The completed flight plan is the official record of the progress of the flight.
18. It must be retained for inspection for a minimum of a year.
Exercise 2.6.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Широта; компоновка; бортовой журнал; долгота; отказ; минимальная безопасная высота; океанический; официальный; рабочий план полета; параметр; техническая характеристика; прогноз погоды; официальное расследование; письменная фиксация; регистрация; дополнительный; фактический; запасной аэродром; анализ; базисный; преимущество; выработка топлива; фактическое время прилета; приводить в качестве ссылки; масса воздушного судна без топлива; типичный представитель; полезный груз; подтверждение; накапливать; экономия; пробел;; сохранять; единичный; сокращение; подгонять; термин; взлетная масса; олицетворять; обновленный; использование; фактический остаток топлива; расчет; перевозка; контрольная точка; набор высоты; база данных; снижение; пункт назначения; подробный; использовать; существенный; расчетное время прибытия; рабочие процедуры и системы, использующиеся в многомоторных самолетах дальнего радиуса действия; характерная черта; эшелон полета; самолетный парк; гибкий; система планирования полета; разрабатывать; поток; формат; частота; топливо; общепринятый; как правило.
Exercise 2.6.5 Match the terms in column A with the definitions in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. Abbreviation | a. any air transport company which operates a national or international service |
| 2. Alternate (airport) | b. a large store of information in a computer easily available to the user |
| 3. Checkpoint | c. the revenue producing load that an aircraft can carry |
| 4. Airline | d. extra fuel added at the flight planning stage to provide for unforeseen factors |
| 5. Fuel carriage saving | e. an estimate of the saving or cost arising from carriage of additional fuel |
| 6. Database | f. aircraft identification letters or tail number |
| 7. Fleet | g. shortened form of a word |
| 8. Navigation log | h. the mix and number of aircraft types operated by an airline |
| 9. Flight plan | i. a set of numbers used to define the geographical position of a point on the surface of the Earth |
| 10. Contingency fuel | j. the flight planprepared by the dispatcheror crewfor use during flightand on which the navigation logis kept |
| 11.Operational flight plan | k. a navigation beacon or landmark on the ground used to establish the aircraft's position |
| 12. Payload | l. an airport at which conditions are suitable to land and to which an aircraft may proceed if a landing becomes impossible at the destination airfield |
| 13. Registration | m. a plan showing all specified information for a planned flight submitted orally or in writing to ATC |
| 14. Co-ordinates | n. a record of the progress of the flight maintained by the pilots during flight |
Exercise 2.6.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise 2.6.5.
1. Performance data for flight planning includes _______ information and many other details essential to the pilot during flight.
2. The operational flight plan combines navigation information and includes the ______.
3. The speed and ease with which plans can be produced means more flexible utilization by flight planners of the parameters in the _______.
4. The actual terms and _______ used, their position on the plan and the general lay-out may vary.
5. Performance data may be accessed by performance type, by _____ type or by aircraft registration.
6. Waypoint ________ for each waypoint, navigational frequencies, MSAs and other information for the route are stored on a _______.
7. Airports and en-route _______ are typical waypoints which have allocated names.
8. The example that follows typifies an ________ operational flight plan.
9. The ________ combines navigation information, en-route weather data and aircraft performance data, together with planned _______.
10. A computer Flight Planning System uses aircraft performance data for the particular aircraft _______ or tail number.
11. Performance data for flight planning include altitude limits, _______ and various constants.
12. The operational flight plan combines navigation information, together with flight levels and ______.
Exercise 2.6.7 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| PROGS TOW ZFW MSA ETOPS AREM ETA ATA FL e.g. |
Section 2.7 The ATC Flight Plan
Exercise 2.7.1 Read and translate the text.
Before a flight can operate, the operator must pass specific information about the intended flight to the ATS units concerned, in order to ensure safe and controlled operation within the ATC environment. This is done by filling a flight plan either by computer or manually.
The following examples of ICAO ATC plans for EIN521 illustrate the items required:
1. Example of a computer version of the ICAO Flight Plan.
FPL-EIN521-I S
-B737/ N-SHR/C
-EIDW1135
-N0392 F240 W10
-EICK0031 EINN EIDW
-REG/ EICDF SEL/ ASJQ
-RMK
2.Example of the ICAO Flight Plan form, filled in manually.
The following core items are included:
· Aircraft Registration or Tail number
· Aircraft Type
· Wake Turbulence category
· Communications Equipment
· Departure airport
· Destination airport
· Alternate airport
· Elapsed Time
· Airway routing
· Flight Level
· Speed
Other information may be supplied as required, e.g., estimated en route times or aircraft operator.
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