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II. Education in Great Britain






A

academic year – the period of the year in which school, college or university courses run. In Britain and the USA the academic year usu. begins in September or October and ends in July or June, with holidays at Christmas and Easter

A-level also advanced level – an examination in a particular subject, which students in England and Wales take when they are 18. Students usually need to pass at least three A-levels in order to go to university.

Arts also Humanities – subjects of study (e.g. languages, literature, history) in which imaginative and creative skills are more important than the exact measurement and calculation needed in science

assembly – a meeting of all the teachers and pupils of a school. Many schools in Britain have assembly every morning before classes begin for the day.

attendance – the fact of coming to a school regularly

B

Bachelor of Arts (BA) – a degree obtained by the student at a university or polytechnic on successfully completing a course of studies, usually in a non-science subject. However at Oxford and Cambridge, as well some newer universities, the BA is the first degree in either non-science or science subjects

Bachelor degree – a first university degree

Bachelor of Science (BSc) - a first university degree in a science subject

boarding school – a school at which pupils live as well as study. Most public schools in Britain are boarding schools.

C

Cambridge Certificate – the short name for the examinations in English as a foreign language run by an examinations board of Cambridge University

Cambridge University also Cambridge – one of the two oldest and most respectful universities in the UK, founded in the 13th century. It is made up of 30 separate colleges. Among the best-known are: King’s College, Trinity College, Magdalene College and St. John’s College.

careers guidance – in Britain, help and information given, usually by a specially trained person, to help people decide what job they what to do and how they can achieve it. This help is usually given at school or at a careers office and is free.

coeducation – the system of educating boys and girls together in the same buildings and classes

college – a place where people go for more advanced education after school, esp. in particular subject or professional skill

college of education – a college where teachers are trained

college of further education – an educational establishment, other than a polytechnic or university, where people can go after they leave school for additional full-time education

Common Entrance Examination – an examination taken in preparatory schools by children, usually boys between the ages of 12 and 14, in order to be able to go to a British public school.

comprehensive school – a school for pupils over the age if 11 which teaches children of all abilities

compulsory education - education which must be done (in Britain from the age 5 to 16)

correspondence course – a college that prepares students for examination by means of correspondence, the student working at home and sending his work to the college by post for assessment and return

crè che – a place, provided for example at a place of work, where babies and small children are cared for while their parents work

D

day school – a school open for instruction on weekdays only

dean – the administrative head of a college or faculty in a university

department – any of the important branches of a college

diploma – an official paper showing that a person successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination

Doctor Degree – one of the highest degrees given by a university, such as PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)

don – a university teacher, esp. at Oxford and Cambridge

DSc – Doctor of Science, a person given this degree after a period of study in a scientific study

E

education – the process by which a person’s mind and character are developed through teaching, or through formal instruction at a school or college

Eleven Plus Examination – an examination for 11-year-old children used in Britain esp. before the introduction of comprehensive education. The result of the examination decided whether a child went to a grammar school or to a secondary modern school.

Eton – one of the oldest (1440) and best-known public schools for boys, at Winsdor, Berkshire, on the river Thames

exam also examination – a spoken or written test of knowledge

F

faculty – a group of similar subject departments in a university

fellow – (in Britain) a member of a college or university engaged in scientific research and usually combining his work with lecturing

final examinations – the last and the most important examinations in a college course

first in – the highest class in British university degree

form – a class in British school

freshman also fresher – a student in the first year at college or university

further education – education after leaving school, but not at a university. It is most commonly available in further education colleges and many of the courses are intended to prepare people for work

higher education – education at a college or university

G

GCE - the General Certificate of Education, an examination in any of a range of subjects taken in British schools before 1988 by pupils aged 15 or over. The examinations were O-levels and A-levels, and GCSE examinations have now taken the place of O-levels. The examination was conducted by 8 independent examining bodies, most of them connected with a university.

GCSE - the General Certificate of Secondary Education, an examination in any of a range of subjects which took place of O-levels and CSEs in Britain in 1988, and involve not only final examinations but also work done on a two-year course. GCSEs are taken by pupils of all abilities.

general science – a school subject in which basic instruction in physics, chemistry, and biology is combined as a single subject

gown – a long loose usually black outer garment worn for special ceremonies by teachers, judges, lawyers and members of universities

graduate – a person who has completed a university degree course, esp. for a first degree

grammar school – a school for children over the age of 11, who are specially chosen to study for examinations which may lead to higher education

H

half term – a school holiday, usually two or three days, in the middle of a school term

hall of residence – a building belonging to a college or university where many students live and sleep

Harrow – one of the leading public schools for boys, at Harrow-on-the-Hill, NW London (1571)

headmaster – the male teacher in charge of a school

headmistress – the female in charge of a school

higher degree – a more advanced degree than a first degree, such as a an MA, or a doctoral degree such as a Doctor of Philosophy

honours degree – a specialized British university undergraduate degree

I

independent school – a private school which does not receive money from the government. Only a minority of children go to independent schools but some of these, esp. public schools, are considered very important and influential.

infant school – a school for children aged 5 to 7 or 8

J

junior school - a school for children aged between 7 and 11

K

kindergarten – a school or class for young children, usually aged 5

L

lecture – a long talk given to a group of people on a particular subject, esp. as a method of teaching at universities

Local Education Authority (LEA) – an organization in the UK which is responsible for public education in a particular area. It is in charge of all the public schools in the area, except for grant-maintained schools and private institutions, and it pays the wages of the teachers there, maintains school buildings and supplies school equipment and materials.

London University also University of London – the third oldest university in England. It is a combination of many different colleges and offers an examination system which allows students overseas to take its degrees.

long vacations – the period of three months in the summer when university students have holidays

M

Master – the title of the head of certain colleges

Master of Arts – the commonest type of higher degree awarded by an English university, usually for studying a non-scientific subject

Master of Science (MSc) – 1) a master’s degree given usually in specific branch of the natural sciences, mathematics, or technology; 2) a person who has been awarded this degree

master’s degree – higher degree between a Bachelor of Arts, etc. and a Doctor of Philosophy; awarded usually to a person who has completed at least one year of graduate study

N

National Curriculum – the curriculum which is meant to be followed by all state schools in England and Wales. The government tells schools what subjects must be studied and what standards should be achieved by the pupils. All pupils have examinations in these subjects at the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16. Schools must teach the national curriculum but may teach additional subjects if they wish and if they can afford it. The contents of the national curriculum have caused some disagreement between teachers and the government.

nursery school – a school for young children of two or three to five years of age, where the children learn such things as numbers, letters, colours and may begin to read and write

O

old boy or old girl – a man or a woman who is a former pupil of a public school

old-boy network – the system by which men who are former pupils of the same public school or the same wealthy families favour each other in later life and help each other to get jobs, etc., usually in an unofficial way

old school tie – a support system among former pupils of the same school in later life

O-level also ordinary level – in England and Wales, the lower of the two standards of examination in the British GCE, the higher level being known as the A-level. It was replaced in 1988 by the GCSE.

Open University (OU) – a British university opened in 1971 which teaches adult students in their own homes by means of television and radio programmes, correspondence courses and summer courses. Students do not have to have passed examinations before they start their course.

Oxbridge – a colloquial term for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge

Oxford University also Oxford - one of the oldest and most highly regarded universities in the UK, founded in the 12th century. It is made up of 35 separate colleges. Among the best-known are: Christ Church, All Souls College and New College.

P

pass degree – (in English universities) an ordinary bachelor’s degree conferred without honours

period – a division of a school day, lesson

polytechnic also poly – a college of higher education, similar to a university, providing training and degrees in many subjects, esp. those which prepare people for particular jobs in science, industry, etc.

postgraduate also postgrad – a person doing studies that are done at a university after one has received one’s first degree

pre-school playgroup – a group in which children aged 2-5 meet to learn through playing

preparatory school also prep school – a private school for children between the ages of 8 to 13, where they are made ready to attend a school for older pupils, usually a public school. Most preparatory schools are singe-sex.

pre-preparatory school – an independent school that prepares children aged 5 to 7 for entry to a preparatory school

primary school – a school for children between 5 and 11 years old in England and Wales and between 5 and 12 in Scotland, often divided into an infant school (5-7) and junior school (7-11)

private education – education provided privately and not by the government

private school – a school not supported by government money, where education must be paid for

professor – a teacher of the highest rank in a university department

provincial university – any of the British universities in cities outside London (excluding Oxford and Cambridge)

public school – a private fee-paying British and esp. English secondary school where children usually live as well as study. Public schools are known for their high academic standards are considered prestigious. The most famous public schools include Eton, Harrow and Winchester.

punt – an open flat-bottomed boat is broad and square at both ends. Punts are very popular at Cambridge University and Oxford University.

R

redbrick university also redbrick – any of the British universities started in the late 19th century in cities outside London. Many of such universities were built in red brick, contrasting with the mellow grey stone of the old foundations.

report – a written statement by teachers about a child’s work at school, sent to his or her parents

S

sandwich course – a course of study in an industrial or professional subject at a college or university which includes periods of usually three or six months spent working for a company

scholar – a person with great knowledge and skill in studying a subject, esp. a non-science subject

scholarship – a sum of money or other prize given to a student by an official body, esp. to pay for a course of study

school year – the period of a year during which pupils stay in the same class at school, usually beginning in the autumn and ending the following summer

second in – the next-to-highest class of British university degree

secondary school – a school for children between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18, above the level of primary education

Sheldonian Theatre – a historic building in Oxford where degrees are conferred on graduates of Oxford University, special University ceremonies take place, and concerts are held.

sixth form – the highest level in a British secondary school. Students usually go into the sixth form at the age of about 16 and stay there for two years, preparing to take their A-levels.

sixth-form college – a British state school for students over the age of 16.

S-level – an examination at a very high standard in the British GCS, higher than A-level, usually taken at the age of 18

state school – a British school which receives money from the government and provides free education. Most British children attend state schools at all levels from the age of 5 to the age of 16.

stream – a level of ability within a group of pupils of the same age

student loan – a method of paying for education in which students at universities and colleges borrow money from banks and repay it when they begin work after completing their studies

supervisor – an official responsible for assisting teachers in the preparation of syllabuses, in devising teaching methods, etc. in a department of instruction, esp. in public schools

T

teacher training – the process of training people how to teach in schools

term – any of three periods of time into which the teaching year is divided at schools, universities, etc. School terms extend from September to December (autumn term or Christmas term), January to March (winter term or Easter

term), and April to July (summer term).

third in – the third and usually lowest class of British university degree

tutor – (in British universities and colleges) a teacher who directs the studies of a number of student sand/or is responsible for giving them advice about personal matters

tutorial - (esp. in British universities and colleges) a period of instruction given by a tutor

U

undergraduate also undergrad – a student who is doing a university course for a bachelor’s degree

W

Winchester College – a well-known public school in Winchester, Hampshire, founded in 1382







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