Reading for main ideas. Read the following questions

Read the following questions. Choose the best answer

1. What elements does substructure consist of?

a) Subgrade and bridge structures.

b) Subgrade and drainage facilities.

c) Subgrade and engineering structures.

2. What are strengthening structures built for?

a) To provide aesthetic value.

b) To strengthen subgrade.

c) To protect and strengthen subgrade.

Reading for details

Answer the questions. Compare your answers with those of your group-mates

a) What is subgrade designed for?

b) What does subgrade design include?

c) Drainage facilities are the necessary elements of substructure, aren’t they?

d) What is meant by natural effects?

e) What structures do we call “Railway engineering structures”?

III

Find the English equivalents in the text

Нижнее строение пути; верхнее строение пути; земляные работы; земляное полотно; природный грунт; искусственные сооружения; укрепительные сооружения; водоотводные сооружения; насыпь; выемка; отводить воду; собирать воду; обеспечивать устойчивость; ж/б плиты; мощение камнем; контрфорс; мост; тоннель; водопропускная труба; путепровод; эстакада; виадук; тоннель; галерея; подпорная стена; оборудование; пересечение преград; достаточная прочность; уплотнение насыпи.

Match the words which are close in their meaning

* Make sentences of your own using the words from this list