G1. Identify the passive structures and translate the sentences into Russian.

UNIT I

Improve your pronunciation:

P 1. Find the words where the letter “c” is read as [s], as [k] and as [ks]:

Accept, executive, occasionally, disturbance, once, successfully, accelerate, condition, incident, instruct, decision, cover, conservation, recycling, resource, dedication, function, succeed, access, process, concept, calculate, percentage, call, produce, cybernetics, certain, circle, cycle, cylinder, encyclopedia, precise, accompany, aspect, facility, exceed, accuracy, circumstance, procedure, chloride.

P 2. Find the words where the letters “ch” are read as [t∫ }, as [∫ ] and as [k]:

Mechanism, machine, choice, chloride, chamber, hierarchy, technique, characterize, chef, chief, machinery, channel, chemistry, check, schedule, achievement, mechanize, scheme.

P3. Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups:

Played, facilitated, stored, constituted, counted, detached, excluded, developed, flushed, formed, benefited, focused, assembled, hosted, mastered, classified, doubled, featured, parted, separated, filed, distributed, exchanged, discussed, cooled, grouped, operated, tried, validated, worked, realized, summarized, directed, lined, approved, joined, complicated, improved, gathered, finished, educated, dropped, placed, discharged, cracked, browsed, accessed, greeted.

Grammar:

PASSIVE STRUCTURES AND THEIR MESSAGE

G1. Identify the passive structures and translate the sentences into Russian.

Examples:

These data are presented in Fig. 2. - Эти данные представлены на рис.2.

The answers were given upon demand. - Ответы давались послезапроса.

Noise will be reduced by filtering. - Шум будет уменьшен с помощью фильтрации.

Drying process is effected with pumps. - Процесс осушения осуществляется с помощью насосов. More evidence has been obtained to support the idea. - П олучены новые данные в поддержку этой идеи.

A, B

The problem was first recognized in the 19^th century. Later an idea was suggested to apply it to practical things. Many possibilities for practical applications were analyzed. Some of these were tested by experiment. The experimental results were not generally accepted, and the idea was discarded. Then other consequences were deduced and a new model proposed. Recently the model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations.

G2.Make the following structures impersonal passive:

Example: We (the author) have/has found that... It has been found that...

A, B

1. I must admit that...2. Everybody accepts that... 3. I believe that... 4. The author hopes that... 5. Scientists sometimes say that... 6. Most people assume that... 7. Physicists recognize nowadays that...

G3.Give English equivalents using impersonal passive structures and adverbs " widely", " generally" when required.

A, B

1.Говорят, что... 2.Предполагается, что... 3.Можно надеяться, что...4.Следует признать, что... 5.Было найдено, что... 6.Общепризнанно, что... 7.Считают, что... 8.Широко распространено мнение, что..

Remember:

List 3.Remember the following passive combinations and their active equivalents:

to give consideration to - to consider - рассматривать

to make allowance for - to allow for - учитывать, делать поправку на

to make a contribution to - to contribute to - вносить вклад в, способствовать

to make mention of - to mention - упоминать о

to make reference to - to refer to - ссылаться на

to make use of - to use - использовать, воспользоваться

to take advantage of - to make use of - воспользоваться

to take note of - to take notice of - to pay attention to - обращать внимание на

Example:

In this method use was made of pyramid structures. – В этом методе использовались пирамидальные структуры.

G4. Translate the following sentences:

B, C

1. This atmospheric interference has often been made reference to by radio and TV commentators. 2. Unfortunately no advantage was taken of the fast reaction rate. 3. So far no notice has been taken of the obvious advantage of this technique. 4. His curiosity was excited when reference was made to still earlier publications. 5. Recently the problem has been given close consideration in connection with a new space project. 6. Several outstanding contributions have been made to the study of crystal growth. 7. There is no doubt that in the course of further scientific development extensive use will be made of modern computing machines and electronic devices. 8. Some people are easily influenced by other people's opinion. 9. This method has been referred to in an earlier paper. 10. I do not think this instrument can be relied upon. 11. The seminar was attended by all the participants. 12. His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 13. The data cannot be accounted for by the existing theory.14. This theory has been referred to as the " big bang" theory. 15. At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by exams and the award of a degree. 16. Reference was made of his earlier publication. 17. In his book emphasis is placed on the localization problem. 18. An important contribution was made to the study of this phenomenon. 19. Advantage is often taken of the effect of temperature on solubility. 20. In their discussion no account was taken of the environmental conditions.

G5.Translate the text:

B, C

Recently much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. In this paper new experimental observations are presented and discussed. The data have been obtained assuming a new model of the mechanism involved, which was suggested in an earlier study by the author. The measurements have been carried out with a conventional apparatus slightly modified by the author. All possible sources of error are taken into account and consideration is given to the advantages and shortcomings of the present approach. The results are analyzed and the analysis is followed by a comparison of the data obtained with those available in the literature. It is hoped that the disagreement may be accounted for by an improved experimental technique of the present investigation.