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Forms of Business Organization
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A business organization is often referred to as a business entity. A business entity is any business organization that exists as an economic unit.
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and usually operated by a single individual. Its main characteristic is that the owner and the business are one and the same. In other words, the revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities of the sole proprietorship are also the revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities of the owner.
Advantages
A sole proprietorship is the easiest form of business to organize. It is easy to set up and dissolve it. The only legal requirements for starting such a business are a municipal licence to operate a business and a registration licence to ensure that two firms do not use the same name. A sole proprietorship offers the owner freedom and flexibility in making decisions. Major policies can be changed according to the owner's wishes because the firm does not operate under a rigid charter. The other advantages are complete ownership of profits and lower tax rate.
Disadvantages
The owner is legally liable for all debts of the company because the financial condition of the firm is the same as the financial condition of the owner. A sole proprietorship may have difficulty in obtaining capital because lenders are leery of giving money to only one person who is pledged to repay. A proprietorship has a limited life, being terminated on the death, bankruptcy, insanity, imprisonment, retirement, or whim of the owner.
A general partnership is an enterprise owned by two or more individuals. A partnership agreement, oral or written, expresses the rights and obligations of each partner. Partnerships are common among businesses that provide professional services. Doctors, dentists, lawyers, accountants, brokers, and other professionals use this form of ownership to reduce overhead costs for each partner and to take advantage of each other’s expertise in various areas.
A limited partnership is enterprise in which one or more partners are granted limited liability, provided there is always at least one partner with unlimited liability who takes a more active part in managing the business.
Advantages
Partnerships, like sole proprietorships, are easy to set up. Complementary management skills are a major advantage of partnerships. Partnerships are a stronger entity than proprietorships: it is easier for them to attract new employees and raise additional capital. The other advantages are the following: even higher credit standing and better prospects for growth. Besides taxes are applied to individuals not to partnership,
Disadvantages
The major disadvantage of partnerships is that partners, like sole proprietors, are legally liable for all debts of the firm. In partnerships, the unlimited liability is both joint and personal. This means that the partners together are responsible for all the firm's liabilities. If one of the partners cannot meet his or her share of the debts the other partner(s) must pay all debts.
Partnerships are not as easy to dissolve as sole proprietorships. Potential conflicts between partners are one of the disadvantages too.
Corporations are also referred to as limited companies. In limited companies, ownership is represented by shares of stock. The owners at an annual meeting elect a board of directors which appoints company officers and sets the enterprise's objectives.
Advantages
Limited companies are the least risky from an owner's point of view. Shareholders of corporations can only lose the amount of money they have invested in company stock. If an incorporated business goes bankrupt, owners do not have to meet the liabilities with their own personal holdings so the main advantages of corporations are limited liability of investors, ease of investing and withdrawing investment, ability to raise large amounts of capital and specialized management.
Disadvantages
Limited companies are taxed twice: on the profits they earn and on the dividends which come out of the profits. In proprietorships and partnerships earnings are only taxed once – as the personal income of the individuals involved.
A company must send each shareholder an annual report about the financial condition of the firm that results in the loss of financial confidentiality. Lack of motivation toward company goals among its hired managers is one of the disadvantages too.
There are other forms of business. A partnership set up to carry out a short-lived business project is called a joint venture.
Partnerships may be established that raise capital by selling portions of ownership on the open market in the form of stock certificates. Such an organization is called a joint stock company. It combines features of a partnership and corporation.
A very popular and rapidly growing form of business ownership is the franchise. This is a licensing arrangement that permits an individual to own his or her own business while benefiting from the use of the trademark. In other words, a company (franchiser) sells a licence to another company (franchisee), allowing the latter to produce and sell goods and services using its trademark. A franchiser has the right to control the quality of the goods and services produced by a franchisee. If it is not up to the mark, a franchiser has the right to withdraw its licence.
Small producers of goods or consumers of goods may form a cooperative in which production, marketing, or purchasing facilities are jointly owned and are operated mainly to provide a service to members rather than make a profit.
Vocabulary Focus
Ex. 1. Study the meaning of the following words agency; branch; enterprise; subsidiary, then use them to fill in the gaps:
agency – a business or place of business providing a service
branch – a local office belonging to a national firm or organization
subsidiary – firm owned by a parent company
enterprise – new commercial activity, often a small one.
1. Coca-Cola has a(n)… in more countries than there are in the United States.
2. A travel… can organize business trips as well as holidays.
3. A(n) … is a company of which more than half the share capital is owned by the holding company.
4. The major banks have at least one… in all large cites.
5. There are plenty of small industrial ….
Ex. 2. Complete the table by inserting the missing forms if possible
| Noun | Verb | Adjective/Participle |
| liable | ||
| own | ||
| agreement | ||
| license | ||
| limit | ||
| expendable | ||
| cooperate | ||
| require |
Ex. 3. Match the words in column A with their antonyms in column B.
| A | B |
| 1) borrow (v) | a) earnings (n) |
| 2) expenses (n) | b) rigid (a) |
| 3) profit (n) | c) loss (n) |
| 4) producer (n) | d) withdraw (v) |
| 5) dissolve (v) | e) consumer (n) |
| 6) lender (n) | f) set up (v) |
| 8) invest (v) | g) borrower (n) |
| 9) flexible(a) | h) lend (v) |
Ex. 4. Match the words in column A with their synonyms in column B.
| A | B |
| 1) corporate (a) | a) earnings (n) |
| 2) expense (n) | b) set up (v) |
| 3) profit (n) | c) licence (n) |
| 4) producer (n) | d) incorporate (a) |
| 5) sole (a) | e) manufacturer (n) |
| 6) lender (n) | f) only/single (a) |
| 7)) organize (v) | g) creditor (n) |
| 8) franchise(n) | h) expenditure (n) |
Ex. 5. Match the Russian words and word combinations with their English equivalents.
| A | B |
| 1) субъект хозяйствования 2) акционер 3) кооператив 4) совместное предприятие 5) акция 6) право собственности 7) доход 8) кредитор 9) пассивы/обязательства 10) активы 11) дебитор 12) частный предприниматель 13) расходы 14) совместная ответственность | a) assets b) business entity c) expenses d) sole proprietor e) lender f) joint liability g) liabilities h) ownership i) revenue j) cooperative k) shareholder l) share m) borrower n) joint venture |
Ex. 6. Express in one word, use the words for reference.
1. Having a responsibility or an obligation to do something, e.g. to pay a debt;
2. a person or organization to whom money is owed (for goods or services rendered, or as repayment of a loan);
3. to be insolvent/ unable to pay debts;
4. everything of value owned by a business that can be used to produce goods, pay liabilities and so on;
5. an unincorporated enterprise owned by two or more individuals
6. to sell all the possessions of a bankrupt business;
7. a proportion of the annual profits of a limited company, paid to shareholders.
8. a partnership set up to carry out a temporary short-lived business project
Words for reference: dividend; joint venture; liquidate; bankrupt; liability; partnership; creditor; assets.
Ex. 7. Insert the necessary prepositions.
1. A business organization is often referred … as a business entity.
2. A sole proprietorship is easy to set … and dissolve.
3. The company does not operate … a rigid charter
4. The owner of the company is legally liable … all debts of the company.
5. They may have difficulty … obtaining capital.
6. Limited companies are taxed twice: … the profits they earn and … the dividends which come out of the profits.
7. Franchises benefit … the use of the trademark.
Ex. 8. Use the terms franchisees, franchise, franchise agreement, franchising, franchiser to complete the paragraph.
A company that wants to expand rapidly may choose … as a method. Ultramoda, an Italian company, is an example of a … operation. Ultramoda is the … and sells the right to sell goods using its name to …. These other businesses, which sign a … with Ultramoda, are usually small businesses, whereas the franchiser is a large international company.
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