General factors that affect movement

Human movement involves most of the systems of the body, such as the skeletal system (e.g., skeletal levers), the nervous system (e.g., nervous impulses to the muscles), and the muscular system (e.g., muscular contractions for force). Human movement is concerned with mechanical principles or the forces that act on the human body (e.g., gravity) and the effects that these forces produce.

All movement is governed by certain mechanical principles. An understanding of the forces that act on the body as it moves is essential if people are to engage in creative and meaningful movement. Understanding of the biomechanical principles of movement is important for physical educators if they are to teach movement skills effectively.

Physiological factors affect movement as well. Physical fitness and body build are two factors among the many that affect the way humans move. Poor muscular development is deterring factor in generating force, and the mechanical advantage of levers might be reduced in a person who is small in stature. Furthermore, physical fitness qualities, such as flexibility, endurance, and strength are basic to and will greatly influence motor performance.

Movement is also affected by psychological factors. Phenomena such as fear, anxiety, and self-concept might affect human movement in a positive or negative way. Fear or anxiety, for example, may prevent a performer from relaxing, thus impeding effective performance.

Sociological factors influence human movement. The persons with whom one is competing or performing, the relationship of the performer to the group, and the desire for social mobility are examples of sociological factors that may leave their impact on the quality of movement.

4.1. Listen to the text “General Factors that Effect Movement” and answer the

questions.

1. What body’s systems does human movement involve? 2. What is human

movement concerned with? 3. What principals all movement governed by? 4. Do physiological factors affect movement? 5. Which are two factors that affect the way humans move? 6. What else is the basic to influence motor performance? 7. What psychological factors is movement also affected? 8. Do social factors influence human movement?

4.2. Find the English equivalents for the words and phrases below.

страх, хвилювання, загальні принципи, зарозумілість, позитивно, негативно,

перешкоджати/ заважати, результативність, змагатися, виступати, бажання, соціальна мобільність, залишити свій слід/вплинути, важіль, м’язові скорочення, механічні принципи, сила тяжіння, ефект/вплив, впливати на тіло, весь рух підпорядковується певним механічним принципам, творчий, уміння/навички, будова тіла, поряд з, обмежувальний фактор, перевага, зменшувати/скорочувати, невисокий на зріст, тоді як, запобігати

4.3. Put the verbs in the sentence below in Present, Past and Future Perfect A.V.

(Negative and Interrogative).

An understanding of movement concepts aids in the performance of sport skills.

4.4. Complete the sentences using the words from the box.